Christianity And The Just War Theory Essay -- essays research papers

Does the Just War Theory provide sufficient moral justification for Christians involvement in state of war?The Just War Theory is a set of criteria that argon used to judge whether a war is morally justifiable. It was St Augustine in the third century that formulated the Just War theory, and was formalised 10 centuries later by Thomas Aquinas. There are seven criteria by which a war can be judged to be just. Among the rules are Just Cause at that place must be a very good reason for freeing to war, such as protecting your country from invasion. There should be a formal declaration of war by the legal government. It has to be the last recompense and all other alternatives must be exhausted. There must be a reasonable chance of success and great care must be taken to avoid injuring civilians.The Just War Theory is still believed today to be the only way that Christians can morally justify war and is a great deal referred to by leaders of Christian countries when they make cl wo rk outs to be fighting a just war. There is widespread ignorance of the details of Just War but there is also much room for different interpretations of the criteria. I personally feel that it depends on each individual situation as one set of rules are not always applicable to all circumstances. In some situations, the causes may seem to be just but not according to the just war theory. A war can only be judged to be just if the criteria are met not if those involved try very hard to meet them.The aim of the just war is to provid...

The Deceived Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

In the camouflaged Man, by Ralph Ellison, our main character struggles to find his place in society. Throughout the novel, he finds himself in power-struggles. At the beginning of the novel, we deal the narrator as a student in an African-American college. He plays a large role in the train as an upstanding student. Later, we bring out the Invisible Man once again as an important member of an organization known as the Brotherhood. In both situations he is working, indirectly, to have a place in a changing world of homogony. In each circumstance he finds himself deceived in a white gays world. The Invisible art object originally wanted to graduate from his college to be a professor, perhaps even the president of the college. His dream and life as he knew it was crushed when he was expelled from school for taking a white alumni to a black neighborhood where he should not have gone. The president of the college reprimands him for not having enough common sense to memorialise th e white man what he wanted to see. Dr. Bledsoe, the president, believes that it is necessary to lie to the white man. He calls The Invisible man a nigger. By this act, Bledsoe is stating that he feels superior. Dr. Bledsoe promises the Invisible Man letters of recommendation to white businessmen in New York. He finds that in truth the letters are mocking him and stating that he bequeath never be invited back to the college again. Bledsoe masks his respect for the white man, signing the letter, Respectfully, I am your humble servant. This power struggle between the white man, the regnant black man, and the black citizen is a twisted circle of trying to please the other. The Invisible man meets a character named Brother Jack. He is a member of the Brotherhood, an organization desiring peace between races. It can be said that the Brotherhood represents American communism. Brother Jack is the head of power. Once the invisible man finds his place as a political figure in the Brotherh ood he is successful. He is a strong speaker and the public loves him. He receives a note warning him that he was moving too fast and that it is a white mans world. In the end, he discovers that it was Brother Jack, the very man armed combat for equality, who was responsible for the letter.

Rock And Roll Essay -- essays research papers

History of Rock and RollPunk rock developed in the United States out of the raw and vigorous music adored and played by garage bands of the mid-sixties. M both of these garage bands were started by kids in their teens who hardly knew how to play simple chords on a guitar or bang away at drums or cymbals in their own garages. The music was often played at a high volume as well.The MC5 epitomized this. The MC5 (Motor metropolis Five) was a high school punk band from Lincoln Park, Michigan. They played with a very loud and angry style. Their lyrics, which were refused airplay, were obscene and profane. The right combination of slow distortion and two guitars enabled them to combine the power of heavy metal with the raw garage band sound.Many punk songs were reactions to the glitter and glam rock bands of the seventies. The fact that groups were pass months, weeks, or hours in a studio, writing 15- minute songs, and playing elaborate shows with spectacular stage performances in front of thousands of people in large arenas unfeignedly angered punk bands. Punk songs were generally simple and rather short. The lyrics told the way the 2members of the band felt. They played small shows and did not put on any elaborate performances. The Sex Pistols were the epitome of a punk band. They were discovered in an...

Life Lessons in The Monkey’s Paw by W.W. Jacobs and The Third Wish by J

Life Lessons in The muck arounds Paw by W.W. Jacobs and The Third Wish by Joan AikenWhat would a typical person do if they had three wishes and knew that there would be a price that they would have to pay in order for them to fulfill their wishes? This is the query that overcomes the main characters, Mr. White and Mr. Peters, in the stories The Monkeys Paw by W.W. Jacobs and The Third Wish by Joan Aiken. In these two stories, two men were allowed to compel three wishes each and had consequences that followed, therefore, they learned a valuable lesson ab by life. The men in the two stories were distinct in their own ways, one being real greedy and the other very cautious. In The Monkeys Paw, our main character was Mr. White. He was very discerning. When he is first introduce in The Monkey Paw, he asks many question and is very curious (page 88-89). Mr. White is also very greedy. He was not content with hat he had, and he then, out of all the wishes in the world, asked for 200 poun ds for his own conveniences (page 91). On the other hand, the main character of The Third Wish is Mr. Peters. Mr. Peters is a kind-hearted, cautious man. The reader go off tell that those are his traits for number of reasons. First of all, the reader can tell that Mr. Peters is compassionate because of his reaction towards a swan trying to extricate itself from a branch. He quickly rushes over and tries to free the bird (page 101-102). Another reason why the reader knows that Mr. Peters is kind is because they see how he wants his wife to be happy more than than himself. This clearly shows how warm his heart is (page 104-105). The reader can also learn that Mr. Peters is cautious by observing the way he thinks about his three wishes. Ever... ... pilot burner was created (page 106). The last clue given was when people ask Mr. Peters to just find another wife. Mr. Peters replies in favor of Leita and says he will always be trusty to her (page 107). This suggests the true love bet ween the two and the loyalty they share between each other. Mr. White and Mr. Peters both were eligible to wish for three things and, therefore, they encountered some consequences. collect to their experiences, the reader learns a valuable lesson about life. All in all, these two stories were very interesting. They way the authors set the mood of the stories based on character traits, wishes, consequences, and basis was very intelligent and well-though-out. Both stories had great themes that helped a reader understand the story and life better. I thought The Monkeys Paw, and The Third Wish, were both marvelous pieces of literature.

Death Penalty And The Eighth Amendment :: essays research papers

Death Penalty and The Eighth AmendmentThe expression an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth has taken on a whole newmeaning. Lately, murderers have been getting a punishment equal to their crime,death. In 1967, executions in the United States were temporarily suspended togive the federal appellate courts time to decide whether or not the deathpenalty was unconstitutional. Then, in 1972, the United States Supreme motor inngovern in the case of Furman versus Georgia that the death penalty violatedthe Eight Amendments. According to the Eighth Amendment, Excessive bail shallnot be required, no unjustified fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishmentsinflicted. After the Supreme Court made this ruling, states reviewed theirdeath penalty laws. In 1976, in the case of Gregg versus Georgia the SupremeCourt ruled state death penalty laws were not unconstitutional. Presently inthe United States the death penalty offer only be used as punishment forintentional killing. Still, the death pe nalty violates the Eighth Amendment andshould be outlawed in the United States.Currently in the United States there are quintuplet methods used for executingcriminals the electric chair, gas chamber, lethal injection, hanging, andfiring squad, each of them equally cruel and unusual in there own ways.When a someone is sentenced to death by electrocution he strapped to achair and electrodes are attached to his head and leg. The amount of voltage israised and lowered a hardly a(prenominal) times and death is supposed to occur within threeminutes. one-third whole minutes with electricity flowing through someones body,while his flesh burns. Three minutes may not seem like a very long time, but tosomeone who is waiting for his body to die, three minutes can feel like aneternity.Three minutes is the approximate time it takes for a person to die ifeverything goes right, but in some cases it takes longer for people to die. In1990, Jesse Tafero, a prisoner in Florida, remained conscious f or four minuteswhile witnesses watched ashes fall from his head. In Georgia in 1984, it tooknearly twenty minutes for important Otis Stephens to die. At 1218 am on December12, he was shocked with electricity for two minutes, and his body still showedsigns of life. The doctors had to wait six minutes to examine his body becauseit was too hot to touch. Stephens was still alive, so he was electrocuted foranother two minutes. Finally at 1237 am doctors pronounced him dead.When a person is executed in the gas chamber he is strapped to a chair

Death Penalty And The Eighth Amendment :: essays research papers

Death Penalty and The Eighth AmendmentThe expression an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth has taken on a whole pertlymeaning. Lately, murderers have been getting a punishment equal to their crime,death. In 1967, executions in the United States were temporarily suspended togive the federal appellate courts conviction to finalize whether or not the deathpenalty was unconstitutional. Then, in 1972, the United States Supreme courtruled in the case of Furman versus Georgia that the death penalty violatedthe Eight Amendments. According to the Eighth Amendment, Excessive bail shallnot be required, no excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishmentsinflicted. After the Supreme Court made this ruling, states reviewed theirdeath penalty laws. In 1976, in the case of Gregg versus Georgia the SupremeCourt ruled state death penalty laws were not unconstitutional. currently inthe United States the death penalty can only be used as punishment forintentional killing. Still, the dea th penalty violates the Eighth Amendment andshould be outlawed in the United States.Currently in the United States there are five methods used for executingcriminals the electric prexy, gasconade chamber, lethal injection, hanging, and ardor squad, each of them equally cruel and unusual in there own ways.When a person is sentenced to death by electrocution he strapped to achair and electrodes are attached to his head and leg. The amount of voltage israised and lowered a few times and death is supposed to occur within ternion minutes. Three whole minutes with electricity flowing through someones body,while his flesh burns. Three minutes may not seem like a very long time, but tosomeone who is waiting for his body to die, three minutes can feel like aneternity.Three minutes is the approximate time it takes for a person to die ifeverything goes right, but in some cases it takes longer for people to die. In1990, Jesse Tafero, a prisoner in Florida, remained conscious for four minutes while witnesses watched ashes fall from his head. In Georgia in 1984, it tooknearly twenty minutes for Alpha Otis Stephens to die. At 1218 am on December12, he was shocked with electricity for two minutes, and his body take over showedsigns of life. The doctors had to wait six minutes to examine his body becauseit was too hot to touch. Stephens was still alive, so he was electrocuted foranother two minutes. Finally at 1237 am doctors pronounced him dead.When a person is executed in the gas chamber he is strapped to a chair

Motorcycles Are Dangerous

English 101 3131 10 November 2012 Motorcycles Are Dangerous The road is filled with gondola cars and wheels but what makes motorcycles seem dangerous, is it the motorcycle itself, is it the drivers who are whimsical side by side with motorcycles or is it the dare devils riding motorcycles? There is a saying for motorcycles, Its not if one f alone, its when one falls. This is said because beginners are notorious for falling their motorcycles. Motorcycles themselves are not dangerous.Its the non-experienced drivers and the drivers around them, that pose a threat to motorcycle riders all over the world. The affair with both motorcycles and cars, is if one were to take all the safety classes and course, they would then be less promising to come across diagonals on the road. Its also surprisingly important to know ab bring out the fomite that you drive. Whether that be a car or a motorcycle, because if you know about the mechanics behind it, there is less of a chance that one wou ld catch into an accident ca apply by a mechanical error.Riders who peacock (the act of dressing in color, real noticeable) and wear proper discharget over are less handlely to be in an accident or be hurt in one. Drinking and riding is a big no-no, on a motorcycle the rider need to have wide-eyed control of the motorcycle and surroundings, drinking even the legal limit will impair a rider far much than in a car. The standard thought is motorcycles are dangerous, but the truth is they are as dangerous as drivers make them or can be even safer than cars if the driver takes the proper initiative and audited.A motorcycle is a tool of transportation, the way it is used determines whether it is dangerous or safe. If an inexperienced person gets on a motorcycle and expects to go on a ride, most likely that person will end up in an accident and in the hospital. It is important to subscribe to to use the tool, what it can do and how knowing all the right steps to plosive consonanti ng safe. Motorcycleminds. org recommends that every rider take the branch rider education class and ripe education rider class to protect oneself and others on the road.These educational classes teach one everything from tire pressure to lane sharing properly. One of the acronyms taught in these classes that beginning to expert cyclist use every time they hop on a motorcycle is T-CLOCS and it stands for tires and wheels, controls, lights, oil, chassis, stands. T-CLOCS is a MSC (Motorcycle Safety Foundation) checklist to keep siders alert and safe. The full in depth checklist can be found on http//www. msf-usa. org/downloads/t-clocsinspectionchecklist. pdf . Without T-CLOCS riders might be going out on and unsafe motorcycle asking for an accident to happen.Knowing how a motorcycle works is just half the game, practice allows for one to perfect the technique of riding making safer and safer every day but motionless realizing that one always need to be in control but the same can be said for drivers of cars even pedestrians on bicycles. All a motorcycle is a tool and like any other tool it can be classified as dangerous only if miss used and abused. A nail gun can be very dangerous if used improperly but when used properly it can do a professional clean job without any accidents.Broken, worn out parts can be replaced, a human life cant, safety is only as safe as the driver makes it motorcycles are not dangerous. Choosing proper riding gear will increase minimizing damage in an accident and will maximise how visible the rider is to others on the road. This is where Peacocking and safety should unite to minimize falling in blind spots of other drivers. Covering oneself in riding gear may not seem very stylish but it beats being cheese in a cheese grinder. When driving a car the people in it use seat belts and like to have airbags with outstanding crash ratings.To show the same level of protection as a car, motorcycle riders should consider wearing proper DOT ( Department Of Transportation) approved gear to ensure crash test ratings. When it comes to gear and its expenses it is important to think that the gear is the only thing between the rider and asphalt in an accident. Starting out from ground up with gear, proper boots that have ankle support and have close toes is very important. Having proper boots will prevent skin burns and many accidental rolled ankles.Depending on the kind of riding being done leg and human knee pads can be bought but thick jeans or protective riding pants suffice in most cases. Hands that are not protect in an accident can be badly damaged but it is easy to prevent this by having sturdy gloves deigned for the type of riding going on. Jackets can be safe, flashy and fashionable, why not have all three working together? Most motorcycles jackets do, they will provide protective padding, materials that are comfortable but can handle road rash so that skin doesnt, and while being fashionable usually they make rid ers more visible to others.As Basem Wasef author of Motorcycle Gear 101 on about. com said,An old saying goes something like this If youve got a $20 head, buy yourself a $20 helmet. DOT approved helmets that provide three quarters to full face helmets are crucial in providing proper protections. Having all the appropriate riding gear makes falls that will happen, be less harsh and cuts the dangers of riding by a great deal. People wearing gear properly will be safe like a driver driving in a car with good crash ratings. Accidents happen in cars and motorcycles, being ready for them take many of the danger out of riding motorcycles.The most dangerous thing on a motorcycle is a terminal crash. Most people dont realize is that a majority of fatal motorcycle accidents are caused by the misuse of motorcycle or riding under the influence. One out of three motorcycle accidents involves a rider who is driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Thirty-five pct of fatal motorcycle ac cidents involve a speeding motorcycle rider. Keller and Keller law firm. Sixty-eight percent that leaves about thirty-two percent for other fatalities to be cause by things cars, trucks and motorcycles fault accidents.Following the law will prevent most motorcycle accidents. All vehicles on the road can be dangerous, if misused, not just motorcycles. Falling on a motorcycle happens but riders keep their head held high just like a teen that crashes their first car. Remembering T-CLOCS can save a riders life and the life of the surrounding people. Dressing to what, a peacock-cock-cock peacock allows on to standout and stay safe on the road. Motorcycles are not dangerous vehicles used properly, skateboards and BMX bikes can be more dangerous.As a avid motorcycle rider of four days I strongly urge anyone interested in riding in MSF (Motorcycle Safety Foundation). Keep the roads safe for future generations. Works Cited http//www. msf-usa. org/downloads/t-clocsinspectionchecklist. pdf h ttp//dsc. discovery. com/cars-bikes/top-10-ways-to-stay-safe-on-your-motorcycle-2. html http//motorcycleminds. org/? p=847 http//ridingsafely. com/ridingsafely1. html http//motorcycles. about. com/od/gearreviews/tp/Motorcycle-Safety-Gear-101. htm http//www. 2keller. com/library/motorcycle-accident-statistics-motorcycle-acci

Mobile phone and Landline phone Essay

Phones are important because we rely on them to communicate with other people. Despite the carrelular phone phone cannot give you a clear, crystal clear connection as a landline phone. Landline phone is a device which we connect to the output of our homes and businesses. On the other hand, cell phones and nomadic have the capacity and advanced technology. While they both perform the same basic function, there are significant differences between landline and mobile phones. There are many differences between landline and mobile phones. Convinces of having a cell phone is that you can have it on hand where ever you go. As for a landline you cannot take it with you. carrel phone have a GPS technology that can find your exact location or where you trying to go. Cell phone also can give you the chance to take live pictures or video camera whereas landline cannot. Cell phone has great features much(prenominal) as watch TV, MP3 players, can store all our contact information, keep track o f our appointments, and important dates. The most important advantage of landlines for cell phones that 9-1-1 operators can pause determine your location in an fatality. When you call 9-1-1 from a landline phone, the operator can find the exact address where the call originated. When you call 9-1-1 from a cell phone, on the other hand, the operator only receives information about your approximate latitude and longitude, which can be from 50 to 300 yards.If you are in an emergency and cannot speak to give 9-1-1 operator your location, have stationary can save your life. The similarity of landline and cell phone is the fact that they are both employ for communication. One quality of the technology they are good for emergencies, for example, if you just need to call a friend or family, as the technology can do this. Both are good and reliable person depends on your needs. In conclusion, we know that cell phones are more comfortable and fashionable than landline. Phones have amend o ver the year we have gone from the house phone to cell phones. Cell phones and home phones are similar in a couple of ways, moreover very different in many ways. Nowadays we see people on the streets with their cell phones, as many people know that its easier and cheaper.

Alliance Boots Marketing Essay

Task 1 (L.O.1.1)What is the Marketing Process? in that location ar many different definitions of the Marketing Process, here are sightly twain of them. i) Marketing is the social process by which idiosyncratics and organizations obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging value with others. (Kotler and Armstrong 2010)This basic definition of marketplaceing explains how societies and agreement interact, where an organisation fulfils the wants or needs of individuals. In return, the organisation hopes to distinguish a profit.ii) Marketing is the process of planning and executing the c erstwhileption, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, adepts, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational goals (Marketing Principles, BPP Learning Media,2010 pg.6) This definition looks at marketing more from the view of an organisation. It takes into account a lot more factors, such(prenominal) as the marketing mix, and looks at market ing as something that has to be done in order to achieve their goal, ie.Profits.The marketing mix is essential for an organisation to establish both its target market and queer selling point, it uses the 4 Ps to help find these. The four Ps are the idea of modern marketing theorists and they cover the slipway that an organisation can influence consumers to buy their particular tick off. The Four Ps are Product, Price, Place, and Promotion.ProductA product is anything that can be adviseed to the mart for consumption that will satisfy a need or want. It is not just something physical (tangible), it can to a fault be a service grantd e.g. cleaners, psychics etc., where, once the transaction is finished the consumer does not give way anything to show for the money spent. These are non-tangible goods. The packaging ofa product is important, not only as protection, but for confabulation (how to use a product), to remind consumers of the brand, and also to express company brand valu es (fair trade, sustenanceing charities etc.). (appendix 1.1.1) PriceCosts will dictate the minimum impairment that can be charged in order to make a profit (Marketing Principles, BPP Learning Media Pg.19)Except for Loss Leaders, the purpose of a product is to make a profit for an organisation. The product must be bringing in more money than its costing to make or its not a vi able-bodied source of income. This involves balancing a range of factors. Some examples are 1. The price of competitors If a product costs too much when compared to a similar product, the company could price itself tabu of the market. 2. What the target market is willing to pay The amount your target market is prepared to pay for your product depends on its features and the target markets budget. (http//www.learnmarketing.net/marketingmix.htm).3. Consumers Perception Some consumers will equate the price of goods with timberland. What matters for a product in relation to pricing is the average price paid. Eg. Fashion & engineering science starts off with high prices, while FMCGs start lowPlaceTraditionally in the 4Ps, place refers to distribution. It is touch on with where the product is bought and consumed, and acquire the product in the right place at the right time (S. Hilliard, notes). scattering also concerns itself with where a product is made, how it is stored and how many people are manifold with a product before it reaches the shelves. The more people involved, the more expensive the product. If the producer of a product sells directly to the public, they must be easily cordial. There are three main distribution strategies available1. Intensive Distribution This can be used for appetite or low-priced goods e.g. Coca-Cola. 2. Selective Distribution This is used when a product is sold in a few places. Products still gets to wide geographical markets, but at the same time, feels uniform in that locations some exclusivity to it. Eg. John Rocha at Debenhams. 3. Exclusive Distribution Is when a productis given to a sole distributor. The product is usually high-priced. Eg. Ferrari dealers or boutique clothes.PromotionPromotion is the means by which information about(predicate) a product is communicated. It is done through advertising and Public Relations, where the company pays for, and so has reassure over information given to the consumer (Tescos Computers for schools programme). Publicity is uncontrolled and so can consume a bad, as well as a good impact on a company (BPs Gulf of Mexicos oil spill). It is vital for businesses to have good reputations since the internet is so easily accessible to the public nowadays, and news is not so easily forgotten.Promotion also involves the selling efforts of staff involved with a product. If a consumer is happy with service they would be more equally to come back to the same store but may not talk about it to other potential clients, on the other hand, if a consumer has a bad experience in a place they are far more likely to tell other people about it. You can find examples of this all over social media sites. Promotional offers are also helpful in stimulating a demand for goods, especially impulse bought goods. Eg. Boots chemistss Three for the price of two.Task 2 (L.O.1.2) adherence Boots Marketing ApproachCharles Revlon said In the factory we make cosmetics, in the store we sell hope. This can also be said of the company this assignment will be tone at. Alliance Boots marketing salute is both market and consumer musical themed. They have necessary goods like prescription drug medicines & opticians, but they also have their health and beauty ranges in-store, they are also a study pharmaceutical wholesaler and distributor, in doing this they have become a world leader in their field. Their revenue at year ended 31March 2012 is 23 billion, up 18.4% on 2011. Their trade profit was al closely 1.03 billion, up 12.4% on the previous year and 88% over the last five. The travail fo r this is that they been increase their direct willpower in emerging global markets, they have also been increasing joint ventures with companies such as Farmexpert & Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals Corporation in China (Alliance Boots Annual chronicle 2012 Pg.7).They have brought their products such as No.7 and Boots Laboratories into countries where they donot have a retail presence through selling to independent pharmacies and online. In their stores, the organisation is very concerned with customer care. They have training programmes for their staff when launching a new product so staff can be informed in display case of questions from the public. At the moment they are refitting stores and opticians so as to make them more accessible to consumers. Boots are continuing to develop their website, and also their BootsWebMD.com page, a health. The Boots brand is the most recognisable pharmacy-based health and beauty brand in Europe and their No.7, Soltan and Botanic ranges are synonymo us with good quality and good value (Appendix 1.2.2).This and other promotions like their Only at Boots offers are what they use to keep themselves ahead of competitors. They seek to give consumers the best possible value by reducing prices where possible and also increasing their Advantage Card, and in doing so promote brand loyalty, which leads to extra sales. The organisation has gone into multiple charities to continue with improving the brands name and retentiveness itself in the publics mind. They understand that the link between good Corporate Social Responsibility and good business is vital (Boots Annual Report 2012 Pg44). In this, they encourage their people to volunteer in charities that benefit local communities, and have developed a good reputation by doing so.They have volunteers that journey to the developing world to help promote eye-care in collaboration with Vision Aid Overseas. (Appendix 1.2.1) In the U.K. especially, Boots have a very selective strategy when loo king at where to put their stores so as to maximise their profits. They place their flagship stores in the heart of major towns or cities for all the consumers needs, their local pharmacies are health care focused for communities, high street stores are geared towards health and beauty, and finally their stores in airports for travellers last minute needs.Task 3 (L.O. 2.1)SWOT Analysis of Alliance BootsStrengths* They are world leaders in a market that has potential for long term growth and so are at the forefront of technology * 69% of a survey asked why they shopped at Boots said it was because of the range of products intheir store(*table down the bottom*). They have a wider selection than competitors in their market. * With training programmes for Boots staff, especially for their own brand products, consumers can be more informed about any questions or worries they may have without necessarily having to go to a doctor. * Their brands are well trusted by consumers so they have a loyal group of consumers. * through with(predicate) BCM, their Contract Manufacturing business, they manufacture special prescription medicines for individuals. * Boots have an pure reputation when it comes to delivery of prescription medicines for patients needsWeaknesses* As a major organisation in their field, any negative publicity could cause major damage to the brands name. In 2011 Alliance Boots offered members of its final salary scheme the chance to take part in a so-called pensions increase exchange. This would see members handed a one-off increase to the value of their pensions in place of annual inflation-linked rises. This may lead to problems for them in the future if pensioners do not get enough money to see them all the way through old age which, in turn, could see consumers look at Boots in a bad light. (http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/8820994/Alliance-Boots-could-be-open-to-pension-mis-selling-claims.html)* During a recession, people are more willing to buy generic brands, in doing this, the organisation may lose out on selling their own brand products and so lose out on profits.Opportunities* Boots are continuously evaluating franchise opportunities in selective countries with large populations, and maturement healthcare expenditure that they have not yet penetrated. * They have attempted to tackle the weakness mentioned above by releasing their own generic brand of pharmaceuticals, Almus, which has been released in six countries, after the recent launch in Germany. * In plastered health and beauty stores (mainly stores inside shopping centres), the group have just started to sell sandwiches and drinks to give consumers a place to grab a quick lunch. When it comes to profit, to paraphrase another companys slogan Every Little Helps. Threats* Boots had an excellent market position it was in this position that the company had to deal with changes in the external business purlieu. There were supermarket chains l ike TESCO that entered the personal care market with big plans and stores that covered every product line that the customer would deal with. Naturally, supermarket chains threatened the niche that Boots was ruling and these large retailers had much more to offer than just drugs, drawing in crowds from all parts with a comprehensive product package under one roof. * Other more direct competition, like Superdrug have been a threat to Boots recently. They have launched their own brand of cosmetics which has meant that Boots, in response have had to lower their prices.Pest Analysis of Alliance BootsPoliticalWith governments increasing the number of medicines available for get for minor illnesses, Boots have been able to sell a lot more over the counter products to consumers without them having to go to the doctor for prescriptions. The American company Walgreens have bought a stake in the organisation. The U.S. government is becoming the largest payer of prescription drugs could be a l arger long-term challenge for pharmacy reimbursement. (http//eupolitics.einnews.com/article_frame/120352863) There is a view that this has been done as a way for Walgreens to hedge their bets, in case it becomes problematic getting reimbursed from a government trillions of dollars in debt.EconomicsWith the worldwide recession at the moment, a lot of companies are finding it hard to run a business profitably. Alliance Boots count to have made their industry recession-proof. Consumers may go without holidays or nights out, but it seems the population still cant do without their health and beauty products. Although, consumers do seem more brand aware and are more receptive to lower priced or generic brands.Sociocultural FactorsA persons social environment includes their living and working conditions, income level, educational background and the communities they are part of. The organisation seems to understand this and in developing worlds where they have a market presence they support multiple charities, Doctors withoutBorders in Africa and South America. As an organisation focused on pharmacy-led health and beauty, promoting and supporting a range of initiatives that improve the health and wellbeing of the communities in which we serve is a natural extension of our business activities. (http//media.allianceboots.com/app_media/alliancebootscsr/home/pdfs/AllianceBootsCorporateSocialResponsibilityReport.pdf). Closer to home, they understand how the government are trying to promote a more muscular lifestyle (although not doing a whole lot to encourage it, reduce taxes on health products/ fruit)* and are trying to capitalise on the idea.TechnologyThrough Boots Centre of Innovation, the organisation tries to get new entrepreneurs to get in contact with them. If a product is good enough Boots may help monetary fund it with a view to the product going into their stores. In the U.K., they are trying to lower their carbon footprint by fitting new stores, and refitting existing stores with cast out lights, sun pipes and solar panels. These stores have seen their carbon emissions reduced by a third.Task 4 (L.O.2.2 & 2.4)Buyer behaviour is the study of the why, when, what, where and how consumers buy a certain product. To steal a line from the real estate industry, the three most important things in marketing are segmentation, segmentation and segmentation. Research places groups into different segments and allows an organisation to know the geographic, demographic, and psychographic variables (target market) to aim their products at. The two products this assignment will be looking at are 1) Boots Winter vaccine and 2) FCUK mens deodorant. (Appendix 2.2.1, 2.2.2 & 2.2.3) The stages of emptor behaviour are* Need perception* Information search* Evaluation of alternatives* Purchase decision* Post purchase evaluation (Marketing Principles BPP Learning Media Pg. 132)Need recognition1) A person vulnerable to influenza and wants to protect against it. 2)Consumer needs a new can of deodorant.Information search1) Internet search, Emails ( If the consumer has an Advantage Card) 2) Ask friends, TV adverts, flyers from the last time shopper was in the store Evaluation of alternatives1) Talk to a GP. Are the GPs services more hygienic?2) Is the price ok for the product compared to the other products like Lynx, Nivea etc, does it smell better than the other products? Purchase decision1) Confirm that factors important to the consumer are met. 2) Price is right, product smells good.Post purchase evaluation1) Did the vaccine work? Were the standards of the consumer met? 2) Does the spray do what it was bought for?SegmentationGeographicAs seen in task 2, Boots have strategically placed stores to maximise their consumer base and profits. (Flagship stores corner shops, airports etc.). Demographic Appendix 2.2.41) Winter Flu Vaccine* With winter starting soon Boots are beginning to promote their Winter Flu vaccination service. This will be a imed at a wide demographic.* This vaccination is strongly recommended for* persons aged 65 and over Those with a long-term medical condition such as diabetes, heart or lung disease plenty whose immune system is impaired due to disease or treatment Persons with a Body people Index (BMI) over 40 Pregnant women (can be given at any stage of pregnancy) Residents of nursing homes and other long stay institutions Healthcare workers Carers People with regular close contact with poultry, water fowl or pigs.(http//www.boots.ie/winter-flu-vaccination-service.aspx)2) FCUK mens deodorantBoots target market for this and all other designer body-sprays are males aged from 16 to 35. These are consumers (usually) with plenty of discretionary income and who may feel more under pressure to look their best. They dont always get to about money when it comes to this. Psychographic1) Winter Flu vaccineBoots aim this product at people who are security and status pursuance. If this is to work for them t hey cannot afford to be lackadaisical when it comes to hygiene. They can instil confidence in their consumers simply because they are such a well-known brand, and if they had any negative press it would surely be widely reported on. 2) FCUK mens deodorantThis product is a more expensive option than a lot of the competitive products Boots have for sale. Its also a bit more expensive than if consumers were to go into a supermarket and buy the same product. As FCUK is a well-known brand, consumers who are status seeking could be looked at as a potential target-market base, but consumers who have the Hedonistic approach to life would be more appropriate.Task 5 L.O. (2.3& 2.5)Boots target-market ranges from the pharmacies they tot as part of their wholesaling and distribution right through to what they hope will be their loyal consumer. Through wholesaling, they must ensure their products are the best quality for the best price when compared to rivals like Superdrug. If they were to be found to lack the quality of their rivals it could have a lasting damaging effect on the organisation. (Boots estimate the good will of their name in their joint ventures to be worth 4.7billion).As a pharmacy store Boots are aimed at consumers who are security and status seeking. recently their First Leaf advertisement for the autumn/ winter begun on television and was aimed at mothers who want to avoid illnesses in their family throughout the winter with vitamins and throat sprays, and at thesame time promotes luxury items like bubble-bath and autumn coloured hair-dyes. The advantage card is a major factor in how Boots target their market. They have been able to understand their target market so well that they send separate offers to individuals based on their spending habits, which encourages consumers back to the store and can only be an advantage on their behalf. The card has also gotten excellent reviews from consumers on websites like reviewcentre.com.Boots are in a very stro ng position for the challenges that may await them in the next few years. Although with the green movement becoming a more prolific part of lifestyle segments, they could promote their CSR, which does a lot of benevolence works in developing countries they have employees in. They do not test on animals, or have testing carried out on their behalf. With governments looking to provide more cost-effective ways of managing healthcare, Boots could possibly expand in communities through weight- management programmes, health check-ups and smoking cessation advice. But if they dont do this I still think theyll be fine.

Truman, Zhdanov, and the Origins of the Cold War

In the West our assumptions about the meaning of the term country take a crap not really changed since Truman appealed to Congress for financial aid to assist the democratic government in Greece in 1945. We do not generally disagree that nation involves free institutions, representative government, free elections, guaranties of individual liberty (Ransom Reader, 150), nor that people should be able to live their lives free from coercion ( ibid, 150). To see the Soviet counter-arguments is a revelation, and in many ways a surprise.Zhdanovs argument in his The Two Camp Policy speech presents an entirely different view of the world, and of world history, and the assumptions in his account were certain to lead to the irresolvable conflicts which constituted the Cold War.Zhdanov argued that western policy from before the Second World War had always been corrupt and self-serving. The west support Hitler for a long time because they saw him as capable of inflicting a blow on the Soviet Un ion (ibid, 158).America only joined the war when the sheer was already decided (ibid, 159), thus saving herself casualties and significant loss. The joined States, he implies, was driven only by self-interest, and no genuine desire to see exemption prevail in the world.The United States Policy after the war was dominated by the need of the Wall Street bosses (ibid, 159) to rebuild profits, and thus to establish peeled markets. Foreign policy was therefore expansionist and reactionary (ibid, 159) in order to maintain imperialist influence to ensure markets for capitalist enterprises.Trumans claim that the disaffirmation of the government in Greece was a moral matter, a humanitarian concern to protect National integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes (ibid, 150) was therefore bogus and dish anest.This meant a determination to combat socialism and democracy and to support reactionary and antidemocratic profascist regimes and movemen ts everywhere (ibid, 160). The United States, Zhdanov claimed, was seeking to dominate the world for the sake of capitalist profit, and not for any genuine love of freedom.All true, but perhaps merge quotes a little bit, and in your own words interpret what point he is trying to get at. Why is this such a big deal for Zhdanov? What point is he trying to make about the US and their post-WWII plans? Thus Zhadanovs notion of democracy begins to emerge.The western model he dismissed as bourgeois pseudodemocracy (ibid, 161). It is an error, he argued, that democracy is characterized by a plurality of parties and an organized opposition (ibid, 161).This belief involves a misunderstanding of history and of the nature of socialism. Capitalists and landlords, antagonistic classes, and hence a plurality of parties, have long ceased to exist in the U. S. S. R. (ibid, 161), and this is an inevitable study in a socialist state. The people are the state, he argued, and therefore the class con flicts which lead in western countries to differences of interests, simply will(did) not occur.The United States misanthropic claim to defend freedom was in fact a defence of the bloody dictatorship of the fascist minority (ibid, 161) over the people of Gerece and Turkey. America itself was label by national and racial oppression, the corruption and the unceremonious abrogation of democratic rights2 (ibid, 161), and the policy of the United States was to create a bloc of states which would be blackmailed into supporting the United States line through the use of economic power, and thus give up their own independence and freedom.What about the other aspect to Zhdanovs definition of democracy? Particularly in how he differentiates himself (and USSR) from what is wrong about the United States (what makes them un-democratci).According to Zhdanov, The west, and particularly capitalist America, was the enemy of all anti-imperialist and democratic (ibid, 160) nations. Trumans arguments h ad at least the realness of moderation. No government is perfect (ibid, 149), he acknowledged, and certainly the newly democratic Greek government was not perfect.Zhdanovs argument for the one-party system sounds either hopelessly idealistic, or utterly dishonest. The catastrophic purges of the 1930s and later make the claims about freedom very questionable, and suggest, according to Thomson, that the nemesis of monolithic parties is self destruction, and the harm of absolute power absolute corruption (Thomson, 721).Stalin was determined to remove all opposition, and concentrated on destroying those who had held rank in the Communist party during the 20s and 30s, men resembling Zinoviev, Kamenev, Radek, Sokolnikov and Tukhashevsky.Thousand were arrested, in all walks of life, and many went to their deaths, or to long Siberian imprisonment. This hardly supports Zhdanovs claim that opposition would simply not exist. If you use this quote, you need to rationalize it a little furt her.What are the purges, and how do they negate Zhdanovs notion of democracy? The Stalinist line, described here by Zhdanov, drove the world into forty years of dangerous confrontation, before the ultimate collapse of the system and its ideology.A corresponding paranoia in the west led to aggressive stand-offs in Europe, where large numbers of NATO array were stationed in Germany in the Middle vitamin E, where The Arab-Israeli conflict often took the form of war by proxy between east and west and in South East Asia, where the Korean War and later the Vietnam War were caused partly by the United States neurosis about communism. The arming of the Mujahedin in Afghanistan in the 1980s was one of the last policy errors of the Cold War, and one of which we are now suffering some of the unforeseen results.How did the United States contribute to this conflict? Where are some areas in the world where we see this conflict occurring, between the United States notion of democaracy and the So viet Unions?Works CitedThomson, David. Europe Since Napoleon. Harmondsworth Penguin, Revised Edition, 1966.Truman, waste S. , The Truman Doctrine Twentieth Century Civilizations. Ohio Thomson Custom Publishing, 2003. (3) 149-153.Zhdanov, Andrei A. , Cultural Purge Twentieth Century Civilizations. Ohio Thomson Custom Publishing, 2003. (3) 159-163.

Why Do People Use Drugs?

PSY215 DRUGS AND DEPENDENCY ESSAY ONE WHY DO peck USE DRUGS? LACHLAN SLOAN 30790798 Throughout history, people have employ distinguishable kinds of drugs to alter the agency they feel or beat consciousness. Ritualistic lend oneself of drugs has been commonly technical by various cultures such as the mushroom induced trance state utilised by Native Ameri quarter Indians to commune with the Great Spirit. Pacific Islanders drink Kava as a means of connecting with the supernatural, healing malady and welcoming guests to the community.Whilst Indians referred to being consciously high as the state of Shiva and associated this litigate with the worship of one of their prime deities, Shiva. Over time the ritualistic practice session of drugs has integrated as a part of modern hostel which can be observed in celebrations such as weddings and birthdays where alcohol is commonly consumed. As there is such a vast range of drugs and influences available with many formal uses and c ategorisations the process of determining why people use drugs becomes intricate very rapidly.Norman E Zinberg developed a opening on drug use which is a widely accepted public health model. The basis of this theory argues that it is not possible to understand drug use, the sums or the outcomes of the drug go through unless you stock into account the interrelationship of particularors between the drug, the environment and the individual (Zinberg, 1986). For the purpose of this analysis various aspects of influence have been categorised based on Zinbergs theory to coherently convey why people use drugs.The categorizations are as follows Individual (cognition, genetics, and tangible/psychological state), drug (perceived functions of drug use in society/specific purpose for using a particular substance, drug related expectancies and compulsive use) and environment ( fond/contextual level). Boys et al (2001) recorded among a submit of 364 participants that had utilize cannabis everyplace the past year that, the two most popular reasons for using the drug were to just get really stoned or shake (90. 7%) and help you to relax (96. 8%). People using drugs often state that they use them to feel good.What makes these people feel good is the way in which the chemicals in these drugs influence cognition. This state of feeling good and or being high is attained because most drugs act on the limbic body in the brain, referred to as the pleasure centre. The presynaptic term releases the neurotransmitters Dopamine, Noradrenaline and Serotonin via nerves located at the terminal. These neurotransmitters are released and travel to the post synaptic terminal where specific sensory receptor sites are located on the nerve cell for each neurotransmitter.Here nerve action potential is developed via neurotransmitter action on the receptor site. Prevalent drugs act by blocking, mimicking or stimulating the release of neurotransmitters via the presynaptic terminal. When Dop amine levels are increased, mimicked or reuptake is permitted (blocked) the reward pathway in the brain is affect which when stimulated urinates feelings of pleasure and euphoria (pleasure is associated with reward). The ingested drug is hence associated with pleasure and reward and the somewhatone is influenced to continue using the particular drug.Current cognitive-motivational theories of addiction assert that prioritising appetitive, reward-related information plays an constituent(a) role in the development and continuation of substance shout out (Field & Cox, 2008 Franken, 2003 Wiers et al 2007). A study focused on reward-related attentional processes among 682 young youthfuls (mean age= 16. 14) had participants sub a motivated game in the format of a spatial orienting task as a behavioural index of appetitive-related attentional processes and a questionnaire to index substance (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) use.Correlational analysis showed a positive relationship be tween substance use and enhanced attentional engagement, with cues that predicted potential reward and non- punishment (Ostafin et al, 2013). question since the mid 1960s has established that genetics play a modest (yet relevant) role in the development of drug use problems in some individuals (Pickens, 1988 Farrell & Strang, 1992 Hill, 1993). It has been conveyed by Mcgue (1994) that genetics have an influence on a mortals disposition to use drugs.After a review of literature on genetics explore in relation to alcoholism, Mcgue established that genetic factors exert a moderate influence on male and female risk for alcoholism. It has been suggested by Hansler (2001) that mental illness motivates sufferers to take drugs (prescription and recreational), this process can cause drug problems (when a person takes drugs in the hope of escaping their symptoms or becomes dependent on a prescription drug). Examples complicate a person suffering from social anxiety ingesting cocaine in or der to temperamentally enhance their sociability when going out with friends.Most of the evidence, however, seems to indicate that these factors can lead to problems that is, biological, social and/or environmental factors predispose a person to have both a mental health and a substance abuse problem. Aesthetics and physicality are also motivators for drug use. A person will ingest substances to alter the physical nature of their body, primarily due to the fact that they are not satisfied with a particular aspect of their physical self. Examples include performance enhancing drugs (steroids), Viagra and antibiotics.In beginning the process of analysing the perceived functions of drug use/specific purpose for using a particular substance, psychoactive drugs are the first place to start as due to the broad range of this category. The mixture of psychoactive drugs is sub divided into three categories (with some drugs falling into more than one category) Depressants, Stimulants and Hal lucinogens. Depressants work by inhibiting the activity of the CNS (Central Nervous System), which slows down various bodily functions such as heart rate and breathing.This classification of drugs has with it a reputation inherent within society as having a calming effect (popularised primarily due to alcohol its acceptance and availability). People generally take this type of drug to relax, another primary function and motivation of the use of soporifics is to fall upon the effects of stress and anxiety (reduces nerves and relaxes muscle). These drugs are typically easy to obtain being available illegally and legally. Examples include acquiring a depressant legally via a doctors prescription or benzodiazepines to treat anxiety and purchasing hemp from a local drug dealer in order to comfort stress from work. Stimulants work by stimulating the CNS (increasing brain activity) which causes the body to become more aroused and responsive. Hence stimulants elevate the mood, create ex citement and even induce a state of euphoria. Due to the nature of stimulants improving responsiveness this category of drug is associated with increasing peoples strength levels as brain activity is dramatically increased.Stimulants are widely available legally and illegally with the most common being caffeine, which is the most widely used drug in the world (Julien, 2001). Hallucinogens are a class of drug that alter perceptual functions sight, hearing, smell, taste or physical touch. Hallucinogens disrupt how the nerve cells and the neurotransmitter serotonin interact with the CNS. By altering the natural levels of serotonin in the body, hallucinogens alter the way in which your brain processes information relevant to perceptual functions.The inhibition of the drug users perceptual functions allows for the body to generate an intense high. Hence many users of hallucinogens utilise this type of drug to experience the intensity of the high and/or to light reality. Examples of ha llucinogens include magic mushrooms, marijuana and LSD. A web based survey of 96 (50 female, 46 male) regular drinking college students over a ten workweek period) reported on their previous week alcohol use and experience of 24 alcohol-related consequences, including their subjective evaluations of those consequences.Most notably of the results, hierarchical linear model tests revealed that students drank less and see fewer consequences following weeks in which they rated their consequences as more negative (relative to their own typical subjective evaluations), suggesting that viewing ones recent consequences as aversive prompts self-initiated behaviour change. It was conveyed by Boys et al (1999) that significant relationships between perceived functions and both the persons intentions to use the drug again in the future and the recent use of a particular drug.Data was collected from a cross sectional survey of one hundred participants aged 16 21 years of age. Higher scores on a five item social/contextual function scale (Eg. using a drug to help you feel more confident in a social situation) were associated with a greater frequency of recent cannabis use. do drugs expectancy is a psychoactive process that occurs as a reception to an individuals expectation that a drug induced effect will occur. Drug expectancy divulges the nature of a person desire to experience the effects from a particular drug(s).The effect occurs from a persons own experience with a drug, education, feedback from peers/family and media influence. Once acquired via direct experience with a drug, the warehousing network of positive expectancies can be primed by internal or external drug associated cues. Primed expectancies are thought to guide incidental drug use (Hersen, 2013). Self-reports from 704 college students were content analysed and used to develop the Marijuana Effect Expectancy Questionnaire. Responses were examined using exploratory and confirmatory principle component s analysis.Six marijuana expectancies (34. 6% of variance) were place (a) cognitive and behavioural impairment, (b) relaxation and tension reduction, (c) social and sexual facilitation, (d) perceptual and cognitive enhancement, (e) global negative effects, and (f) craving and physical effects (Schafer & Brown, 1991). When a person begins using a drug on a regular basis they begin to become dependent on the drug. As tolerance towards the drug grows in the person they become more dependent on the drug in order to achieve the same effect they attained from their first usage.Drug dependency can manifest in both physical/psychological forms. This can be classified in the sense that the body requires the drug to function properly relating to all form of classification. When a person abstains from retaining the normal level of the abused drug in their blood drug withdrawal symptoms begin to act. Those with a physiological dependency experience physical discomfort, shaking, nausea and vom iting as withdrawal symptoms. People with a Psychological dependence feel depressive, anxious, aggressive and irritated.Research supports the belief that the negative nature of withdrawal symptoms is associated with drug users continued abuse of a certain drug (Rogers, 2002). Social/contextual level influences have a massive level of governance over a persons rationalising to use drugs. College students say they utilise alcohol and drugs in order to lessen depression, increase sociability, satisfy curiosity, heighten sexual pleasure, alleviate physical discomfort and expand consciousness (Robbins et al. , 1970). Association with peers tilising drugs is one of the strongest predictors of adolescent drug use (Fergusson et al, 1995 Brook et al, 1990). If other members of the group begin using drugs, some people are influenced to trade sobriety for use in order to fit in and adapt to the group. Motivation for this exists in the individual wanting to align to the dynamics of the group p aired with fear of rejection from the group. An example of this is conveyed by Hohman et al (2013) via a study of data obtained from the National Survey of Parents and Youth (N= 1,604).Two hierarchical seven-fold regression models were developed examining the crosstie between ambivalent attitudes, intentions and later marijuana use. The hierarchical models consisted of an analysis of the moderating effect of ambivalence on the persons intent to use marijuana and the testing of the moderation of ambivalence on literal marijuana use a year later. Results from both hierarchical analyses propose that ambivalence moderated the association of friend norms and subsequent adolescent marijuana use friend norms were better predictors of marijuana intentions (? 0. 151, t = 2. 29, p = 0. 02) and subsequent use when adolescents were attitudinally ambivalent about marijuana use (? = 0. 071, t = 2. 76, p = 0. 006). The environment of a person greatly influences their susceptibility to drug use. Not only does the social context of a person influence drug use but the environment itself plays a very influential role. A study undertaken in Zinbergs Drug, Set, And Setting The Basis For Controlled intoxicating Use, analysed a group of American soldiers who began using and became addicted to heroin during the Vietnam war.After the war effort, usage virtually ceased, with only 12% of the soldiers remaining addicted later returning back to the United States. It is evident that these American soldiers were utilising heroin as a form of escapism, a way to disassociate themselves from the harsh reality they were fit(p) in. Hence it can be expected that a persons socioeconomic status would affect their use of drugs. People living in a negative environment and/or of a lower socio economic status would be more likely to turn to drug use as a means of dealing with and escaping their predicament.In the process of determining why people use drugs a diverse range of conclusions have been reached via a model representative of Zinbergs theory. We began by stating the ritual usages practiced for thousands of years which have transcended into society after society. We begin with Zinbergs notion of the individual and diverge into the way in which kind-hearted cognition is affected by drugs. As this topic is explored it is conveyed just how susceptible our brains are to drug use and why we enjoy the temperamental effects drugs create.Genetics, physical and psychological disposition are also conveyed as influencing reasoning for drug use. Drugs are addressed via the perceived functions of illegal and legal drugs by an analysis of drug categorisations where perceived functions and reasons for use are conveyed. Drug expectancy and tolerance is explained and the reasoning for continued use and addiction is communicated via a study by Schafer & Brown (1991). The social/contextual level of influence is analysed via various studies by Zinberg (1986) and Hohman (2013) conveying environmental and social influences.People ingest a diversity of different drugs for a variety of different reasons socialisation, environmental factors, perceived norms, to relax, pleasure, to conform, genetics, addiction, out of boredom or curiosity or to escape their problems. Reference List Boys, A. , Marsden, J. , Fountain, J. , Griffiths, P. , Stillwell, G. , & Strang, J. (1999). What influences young peoples use of drugs? A qualitative study of decision-making. Drugs Education, Prevention and Policy,6,373389. Boys, A. , Marsden, J. , Strang, J. 2001) Understanding reasons for drug use amongst young people a functional perspective. Health Education Research, 16(4), 457-469. DOI10. 1093/her/16. 4. 457. Field, M. , Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviours a review of its development, causes, and consequences. American Journal of psychology, 84, 349 358 DOI 10. 1016/j. drugalcdep. 2008. 03. 030. Franken, I. H. (2003). Drug craving and addiction integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches, 4, 563 79. Hansler, V. (2001).The Inherent Disposition to Drug Abuse, 9, 32 47, New York Worth Publishers. Hersen, M. (2013). Principles of Addiction Comprehensive Addictive Behaviours and Disorders, 1, 426 429 Hill, W. G. (1993). Variation in genetic composition in back crossing programs, 84, 212-213. Hohman, Z. , Crano, W. , Siegel, J. , Alvaro E. (2013). Attitude ambivalence, friend norms, and adolescent drug use. Prevention Science, Germany Springer, DOI 10. 1007/s11121-013-0368-8. Julien, R. M. (2001). A Primer of Drug Action, 4, 88-105, New York Worth Publishers.Mcgue, M. (1994). Genes, environment and the etiology of Alcoholism. The development of alcohol problems, exploring the biopsychosocial matrix of risk, 26, 1 40. Merrill, J. E. , Jennifer, P. , Barnett, N. P. (2013). The elbow room One Thinks Affects the Way One Drinks Subjective Evaluations of Alcohol Consequences Predict Subsequent Change in Drinking Beh aviour,Psychology of Addictive Behaviours,27, 42-51. Robbins L. , Edwin, S. , William, A. , Stern, F. , Stern M. (1970). College Student Drug Use. American Journal of Psychiatry 126, 12, 1743 1751.Rogers, D. (2002). Substance Dependency Consequences and the Path to Recovery, 8, 78 81. Schafer, J. , Brown, S. A. (1991). Marijuana and cocaine expectancies and drug use patterns, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 558 565. Schuster, C. , Pickens, R. (1988). AIDS and endovenous Drug Abuse, Problems of drug dependence 1988, 7, 241 252. Strang, J. , Farrell, M. (1992). Harm Minimisation for Drug Misusers, 3, 11271128, London Sage Van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E. , DeJong, P. J. , Albertine, J. , Brian D. Ostafin. 2013). Reward- Related Attentional Biases and Adolescent Substance use The TRAILS Study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours, 27, 142-150. Wiers, R. W. , Bartholow, B. D. , Van Den-Wildenberg, E. , Thush, C. , Engels, R. , Sher, K. J. , Grenard, J. , Ames, S. L. , Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents a review and a model. Pharmacol Biochem Behaviour, 86, 263283. Zinberg, N (1986). Drug, Set, and Setting The Basis For Controlled Intoxicant Use, 10-11, Yale University Press.

Cyber Crime Essay

Chapter I Introduction When did this new and insidious variety of crime actu each(prenominal)y come into being? One may put forward that the concept of the computing device came with the invention of the first abacus, hence it can be said that cybercrime. It has been around ever since people roled calculating machines for wrong purposes. However, cybercrime has shown itself as a serious threat to society for less than a decade. Before we plunge into the serviceman of cybercrime, it is necessary to have some basic understanding of how the cyber world evolved. In 1981 Ian Murphy, aka Captain Zap, became first felon convicted of a computer crime.Murphy broke into AT&Ts computers and changed the billing clock so that people receive discounted rates during normal business hours, Ian Murphy was greeted with 1,000 hours of community service and 21/2 years probation. Cybercrime refers to any crime that involves acomputerand anetwork, where the computers may or may not have played an inst rumental part in the commission of acrime. Net crimerefers, to a greater extent precisely, to criminal exploitation of theInternet. Issues surrounding this type of crime have become high-profile, particularly those surroundinghacking,copyright infringement, squirt pornography, andchild grooming.There are overly problems ofprivacywhenconfidentialinformation is lost or intercepted, law richly or otherwise. On the global level, both governments and non-state actors continue to grow in importance, with the ability to utilise in such activities asespionage,financial theft, and other cross-border crimes sometimes referred to ascyber warfare. The international legal system is attempting to hold actors accountable for their actions, with theInternational Criminal courtroomamong the few addressing this threat. Cyber crime is a growing threat to our societies today.EU member states suffer daily thousands of attacks against their information systems. Viruses facilitating stealing informatio n from personal computers, spam, identity theft, and child pornography are increasingly widespread. According to recent reports, images of sexually abused children available on-line quadrupled in the last five years and half of all internet crime involves the production, distribution and sale of child pornography. The European Commission has cooperated closely with the French Presidency and the Member States in the elaboration of a serial of practical measures to fight cyber crime.The new strategy recommends reinforcing partnership between the police and the private sector by better knowledge-sharing on investigation methods and trends in cyber crime. It as well as encourages both parties to respond quickly to information requests, resort to remote searches, cyber patrols for online tracking of criminals and joint investigations across borders. The strategy also calls for the setting up of an alert political platform in the short term, where reports on crime committed on the Int ernet, such as posting of illegal content, in EU member states would be pooled for cross-checking by Europol.The Commission earmarked 300,000 euro for Europol to implement the platform. Vice-President Jacques Barrot highlighted the importance of this strategy by saying The strategy encourages the lots needed operational cooperation and Information exchange between the Member States. It gives a shared responsibility to the Commission, the Member States and other stakeholders to introduce the different measures. If the strategy is to make the fight against cyber crime more efficient, all stakeholders have to be fully committed to its implementation.We are ready to support them, also financially, in their efforts. Cybercrimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer such as e-mail. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography and indec ent exposure, constitutes one of the most important Cybercrimes known today. The potential molest of such a crime to humanity can hardly be amplified. This is one Cybercrime which threatens to undermine the growth of he younger generation as also leave irreparable scars and injury on the younger generation, if not controlled. A minor girl in Ahmadabad was lured to a private place through cyber chew by a man, who, along with his friends, attempted to gang rape her. As some passersby heard her cry, she was rescued. Another example wherein the damage was not done to a person but to the masses is the case of the Melissa virus. The Melissa virus first appeared on the internet in March of 1999. It spread rapidly passim computer systems in the United States and Europe.It is estimated that the virus caused 80 million dollars in damages to computers worldwide. In the United States alone, the virus made its way through 1. 2 million computers in one-fifth of the countrys largest businesses. David Smith pleaded guilty on Dec. 9, 1999 to state and federal charges associated with his creation of the Melissa virus. There are many examples of such computer viruses few of them being Melissa and love bug. Cyber harassment is a distinct Cybercrime. Various kinds of harassment can and do hap in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace.Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious, or other. Persons perpetuating such harassment are also guilty of cybercrimes. Cyber harassment as a crime also brings us to another related area of violation of privacy of citizens. Violation of privacy of online citizens is a Cybercrime of a grave nature. No one likes any other person invading the invaluable and extremely touchy area of his or her own privacy which the medium of internet grants to the citizen. The morsel category of Cyber-crimes is that of Cybercrimes against all forms of property.These crimes include computer vandalism (destruction of others property), transmission of harmful programmers. A Mumbai-based upstart engineering company lost a say and much money in the business when the rival company, an industry major, stole the technical database from their computers with the help of a corporate cyber spy. 2 . History of Cyber Crime 3 . definition of Cyber Crime http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Computer_crime 4 . Fight against Cyber Crime Vice-President Jacques Barrot 5 . Cyber crime against our society today

Rural Public Health Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

modern offer of the ProblemBackground The cosmos of cracker-barrel Texas is active 3,060,392 which is about(predicate) 8 % of the entire Texas population ( 25,145,561 ) . Harmonizing to the US nose count business office about 70.4 per centum of province s population is white, 11.8 per centum is Afro-american, 3.8 per centum is Asiatic, and 37.6 per centum is Hispanic ( 2010 ) . There atomic number 18 about 4044 infirmaries in Texas and merely a mere 149 of them be located in plain countries ( 3 ) . Although the agricultural communities of Texas construct 499 exigency aesculapian bureaus and 303 accredited suppliers and 193 freshman respondent organisations but unchanging about 21 counties are deprived of accredited exigency medical service organisation in their countries and merely 32 % ( 161 ) infirmaries are located in rural counties ( 10 ) . The rural countries are confronting a possible ruin with regard to exigency go. This public wellness final payment is ori ginating as a consequence of scarceness of exigency medical trained staff, unequal fiscal resources, outdated medical equipment usage and give, geographic barriers, communicating spreads. The relative hazard for decease from motor vehicle clank in rural countries is 15 times higher(prenominal) than urban countries, adjusted for gender, age and type of clang and 40 per centum higher hurt related deceases in rural countries than urban countries ( 6 ) . These statistics reflect the grade of demand of quality exigency charge service in rural countries.Physician Recruitment and Retention Problem The 2001 study by the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners stated there are a sum of 196 rural Texas counties out of which 24 counties had no doctors, 22 had two doctors and 19 of them had merely one doctor. A study showed that the urban countries have 11 times higher figure of physician when compared to rural countries ( Texas State Board of Medical Examiners, 2003 ) . In rural Emergency D epartment, there are a greater figure of primary attention doctors on contract or impermanent doctors than exigency medical specialty trained doctors functioning merely a poor community. farming(prenominal) countries are confronting jobs such as most of Emergency medical managers are non trained in exigency medical specialty which worsens the state of affairs besides lead to staffing job. This is chiefly happening as a consequence of deficiency of fiscal resources and specialised doctors choosing to acquire employed in urban countries than rural communities. separate Problem is medical malpractice liability insurances in rural countries of Texas particularly in Rio Grande Grade Valley and the South Texas ( 4 ) .Trained Staff dearth Rural Emergency operate have deficit of EMS professionals and about one tierce of rural exigency medical forces voluntary. About 57 to 90 per centum voluntaries are first respondents in rural countries ( 4 ) . These voluntaries may non be available r ound the clock and are non to the full trained to manage complex instances. This forms a major challenge for EMS be make believe most of them are non medical professionals ( 10 ) . If we compare counties on footing of advanced life turn out capableness so merely 5 counties have that installation and 22 counties have radical support organisations and 45 out of 131 counties have first respondent organisations ( 10 ) . It is difficult to supply exigency attention services for low volume population with unequal fiscal resources, deficiency of trained staff and basic medical equipment. Some EMS organisations still use manual defibrillators and are non equipped with all diagnostic machinery. Harmonizing to DHHS, Texas has 3106 licensed land ambulances out of the lone 22 % are for rural countries ( 10 ) .Geographic barriers sensation of the most of import property that effects entree to wellness attention in rural countries is the big distance between abodes and services. The ability to transverse these distances becomes haughty in obtaining wellness attention. Most of the rural occupants refrain from seeking medical services because of the clip and coin they have to pass in acquiring hard-boiled for a peculiar disease.Language Barrier In South Texas peculiarly at U.S-Mexico cad part, linguistic communication barrier is another job set about by rural EMS. More than 20 percent population in rural Texas is bilingual and Spanish speech production population ( 10 ) .Resources apportionment Problem Reason for less exigency medical professional are low wages, longer displacements, and geographic unavailability. The rural communities largely rely on the basic exigency service suppliers and voluntary first respondents. EMS is dearly-won in rural countries compare to urban countries because they cover larger inelegant. They largely get low solve income so hold to trust on unpaid staff. Since most of the first respondents work voluntary so they can non afford long dis tance choke for exigency.Trauma-Related Injuries and Deaths Harmonizing to the Texas Department of wellness s Bureau of Emergency worry, in Texas about day-to-day 30 people die because of trauma-related hurts. Trauma is one of the taking cause of deceases among age groups 1 to 44yrs. 11,898 people died from hurt in Texas and in that 68.8 per centum were unwilled deceases ( 4 ) ( 2002 ) . From surveies, if terrible injured patient receive intervention from injury sum will hold mend opportunity of endurance ( 2 ) . The above statistics reflect that injury are one of the major causes of deceases which call for immediate attend peculiarly in rural countries.Golden Hour and Response TimeGolden Hour is the term used for the first hr after incident happens. A patient receiving intervention within this first hr of incident has greater opportunities of endurance. A victim s life would be jeopardized if the waiting clip is change magnitude for more than 30 proceedingss. The rural count ries have mean response clip 18 proceedingss and for urban countries it is 8 proceedingss lesser than rural country ( 5 ) . A five twelvemonth survey in Arkansas rural county, 72 per centum deceases expire at scene because of delayed intervention. Response clip for urban country is 7 min. and for rural country its 13.6 proceedingss and so transit clip is 17.2 min and for urban its 8 proceedingss ( 11 ) . Most of deceases from injury in rural countries devolve even before hospitalization. Harmonizing to Bureau of Emergency Management at Texas Department of health, the preventable decease rate in rural countries is about 85 % higher in rural countries as compared to their urban opposite numbers. Harmonizing to Vermont and New York metropolis survey, the paediatric injury decease instances is twice in rural countries compared to urban countries ( 11 ) . The tuition of Texas Department of Health Bureau of Epidemiology ( Texas DSHS ) shows that rural countries have a response clip up to 2 hours and 16 proceedingss and conveyance clip to hospital was 2 hours and 12 proceedingss. 157 of 254 counties of Texas have response clip of about 10 proceedingss and for 151 counties transport clip is greater than 20 proceedingss ( 2002 ) ( 10 ) .A study conducted by the National Highway Transportation Administration showed a important difference of 98 % in the response clip for exigency services between rural and urban countries ( 15 ) . This has been illustrated in the figure belowThe graph clearly indicates the trouble in accessing transit services and waiting clip in the rural infirmaries.Medicare and MedicaidOther job is uninsurable population about 25 per centum of Texas Population was uninsured in 2002 ( 4 ) . A bulk of rural occupants are financially delicate and are less likely to hold insurance coverage than urban occupants. This suggests that the rural population will confront greater resource restraints in accessing attention. Rural occupants tend to hold low er incomes, and are normally freelance as husbandmans. alike the concern houses in rural countries are smaller in surface and the insurance benefits provided by the employers are less likely to cover the standard wellness attention services. Hence, it is more likely that we can happen greater uninsured or underinsured population in these countries and when it comes to accessing medical services they have to pass a immense sum compared to urban population.Rural populations have more age population so they require more immediate and effectual exigency services. In 2001, Texas was top ranked for unsalaried attention to rank patient gross ( 4 ) .Equipment and installation ProblemsFrom 2002 Texas Department of Health reported 61 Texas counties have no infirmaries, 105 had one infirmary and 26 counties had two infirmaries ( 4 ) . In 2002 Texas Hospital Association conducted Emergency Care Issues Survey and found that 72 % of rural installations had issues reassigning the patients and directing ambulances because of deficiency of beds. Harmonizing to Texas Department of Health, there are 131 trauma centres have basic Level IV installations in Texas State. Level IV injury is basic exigency service, normally they lack in equipment and trained staff. Most of accidents occur on rural roads because of high velocity, inefficient usage of place belts, intoxicant ingestion. The hold in reassigning the patients to infirmaries leads to complications like pneumonia, sepsis and multi-organ failure. Since the rural exigency medical services have deficit of trained staff most of the rural exigency services are working over their capacity therefore endangering the quality of services.Review of Current Policies Affecting the SubjectFederal PoliciesThe Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act was approved by U.S in 1986. This act ensures that the entree to exigency medical attention would non be dependent on individual s economic ability ( 4 ) . With the execution of this Act many uninsured and underserved population got entree to exigency medical services.National Highway Safety Administration created the EMS to diminish traffic related deceases ( Mead, 1998 ) . The Highway Safety Act 4 was passed in the twelvemonth 1996 which resulted in the formation of EMS and in 1967 EMS began officially. After constitution of EMS, there was a important decrease in the mortality rate from injury related deceases.The rural countries are less dumbly populated and at long distance from the degree I and II injury installations. So Balance Budget Act ( BBA ) in 1997 modified the compensation policies by adding Medicare ambulance fee agenda and besides started Medicare Rural Hospital Flexibility Program to back up little infirmaries in rural communities to exchange into critical Access Hospitals ( CAH ) ( 12 ) . CAH helped to beef up the EMS in rural countries. This was the attempt to better the quality, entree to exigency medical services to better rural wellness s ystem. The Federal Office of Rural Health Policy ( FORHP ) present plan provides the resources to prolong the betterments to rural EMS systems ( 12 ) .National Association of State EMS Officials ( NASEMSO ) and National Organization of State Offices of Rural Health ( NOSORH ) formed Joint Committee on Rural Emergency Care in 2009 ( 13 ) . This equip serves to implement the policies to supply seasonably, low-cost and high quality exigency medical services in rural countries.Healthy people ( HP ) act 2010 was an initiative which was developed to better the quality of wellness attention services and entree to exigency medical services in rural countries ( 11 ) .Texas is portion of federal plan for enlisting and keeping of medical professionals in Texas rural countries ( 4 ) . With all federal attempts there is range to better the EMS in rural Texas. but still increased attempts are needed to better the quality of EMS in rural countries.Other plans which are working to better the e xigency attention services in rural countries areThe Rural Health Care Services Outreach Grant Program, The Rural Health Network using Grant Program, The Rural Health Network Development Planning Grant Program, The infinitesimal Rural Hospital Improvement Program, Grants for Policy-Oriented Rural Health Services Research, The Rural Health Research Grant Program, Public Access Defibrillation Demonstration Projects Grant Program, The Rural Emergency Medical Service Training and Equipment Assistance Program, The Rural Health Best Practices and confederacy Development Cooperative Agreement Program etc. ( 4 )State PoliciesThe 77th Legislature passed House Bill 7 in 2001 and formed Office of Rural Community Affairs. It provided support for many plans to better entree to rural wellness attention. It provides fundss to plans like Critical Access Hospital Board Training Reimbursement, Critical Access Hospital Designation, Critical Access Hospital Feasibility Study Grant, Critical Access H ospital Feasibility Study Grant, Access to Emergency Devices Grants, Capital Improvement Loan Fund, Small Rural Hospital Improvement Program, Rural Communities Healthcare Investment Loan Reimbursement Program, Rural Physician Relief Program, Medically Underserved Community, Rural Recruitment and Retention Initiative, slap-up Rural prentice Recognition Program and Texas Health Service Corps Program.The 78th Texas legislative assembly passed an act in November 2002 to cover with jobs like unequal support issues, inaccessibility of EMS system and deficit of doctor ( 4 ) . There is no entirely federal and province plan for injury services. Both the federal and province authoritiess are working in a synchronism to supply grants for injury attention, EMS suppliers and first respondents to better and prolong the quality of EMS services in the rural countries. In 2003, new history for EMS was created in 78th Texas Legislature. A $ 100 mulct was imposed for poisoning related offenses and t he money was deposited in this history ( 4 ) . Fifty per centum of that money is allocated for local Emergency Medical Services, no more than twenty per centum is for Rural Assistance Clinics for 22 TSAs, 27 per centum is for unsalaried injury attention installations and three per centum is for administrative cost for Bureau of Emergency Management ( 4 ) . State resources are non equal to for enlisting and keeping of wellness attention professionals, better exigency medical equipment and keep the quality of EMS in rural countries of Texas.Most of federal and province rural wellness policies and plans rely on nose count Bureau information and bounds set by the OMB, ERS, agency, and HRSA for country of appellation such as urban and rural, metro and non tube or frontier ( 4 ) .The agency of Health Professional National Center for Health Workforce Analysis of Health Resources and Services Administration has criterions to sort certain geographic countries and population groups into a wel lness professional deficit country ( HPSA ) or medically underserved country or Population ( MUA/MUP ) . Harmonizing to this study, Texas has 100 HPSA in non tube or frontier parts and in those 60 seven counties, 20 nine are population groups and three comprehensive wellness centres and one Rural Health Clinic ( 4 ) .As per the Bureau of Emergency Management has administered presently 131 as Level IV ( basic ) injury installations, 36 as Level III ( general ) injury installations, 9 as Level II ( major ) injury installations, and 12 installations designated, as degree I ( comprehensive ) injury installations, .In 1997 Senate Bill 102 approved the incessant session, 75th Texas Legislature and provided the EMS/Trauma attention system impermanent fund. Permanent resources provided by 76th Texas Legislature for EMS, with the money from the baccy judicial proceeding colony ( 4 ) .Federal and State ProgramsPlans like Statewide Rural Health Care System provided by Texas Department of Insu rance to rural population aids in furnish insurance coverage for exigency attention.The School-based Health Centers plan is offered by Texas Department of Health for rural country where there is a lack of medical professionals. Besides Rural Emergency Medical Services Scholarship Incentive plan is provided by the Center for Rural Health Initiatives for rural countries holding a population of less than 50,000 which are non designated as metropolitan statistical country and they besides have community scholarship plan for nonmetropolitan Texas rural countries.The Office of Rural Community Affairs have Rural Health Facility Capital Improvement plan is for 150,000 populated rural countries and other plans like Outstanding Rural Scholar Recognition and loan Program for Rural Health Care, Rural Physician Recruitment Program and Rural Physician Relief Program. The Bureau of Emergency Management has Temporary Exemptions for Rural EMS which covers 50,000 or less populated rural countries. ( 4 )

Physical Preparedness Of Columbus Police Essay

Describe in one page or slight how you would select the capital of Ohio Police patrol officers to be surveyed.The Research Project Physical Preparedness of Columbus Police Officers in Citizen Encounters Involving Force.Target Panel Respondents of this investigate should check the following qualificationsMust be in the midst of the age of 21 35Must hold in 6 or more months field be as a Patrol officer of ColumbusMust be active in the practice of law haulMust be a resident of ColumbusMust at least have one forcible encounter with a citizenSample Size 1000 police patrol officersmethodological analysis This research entrust employ a qualitative and quantitative research wherein a representative archetype of the target audience allow be randomly selected to create a target panel. Through qualitative research by using an open-ended questionnaire, spontaneous or not pre-determined responses are solicited through a free willing method. Meanwhile, the answers from the qualitativ e research will be further dealt with in the quantitative research using a closed-ended questionnaire that will provide figures or raw data.Through these two types of research, the researcher will determine the ca call of the lack of preparation of police officers during encounters with civilians.Construct a brief 5-item unstructured, open-ended questionnaire that will determine the patrol officers views as to how well they are ready for physical encounters with citizens where lethal force is not an case.Open-ended questionnaire for Focus Group DiscussionWhat are the risks involved in being a police officer in Columbus? If physical encounter with citizens is not cited, ask about the probability of experiencing physical encounters with citizens while on duty.What kind of trainings did you receive before you engaged in police field trading operations or patrol duty?Were these trainings able to help you prepare for physical encounters with citizens? Why? If not, why?As a police offi cer, what do you think are the factors that provoke physical encounters with citizens? Enumerate tactics or methods on how to conduct proper management of physical encounters with citizens? Explain each tactic/method.What are the causes of mismanagement of physical encounters with citizens? How should these be prevented?Construct an 8-item structured questionnaire using closed-end questions that involve multiple response choices that addresses the same issue in Question 2.Closed-ended questionnaire for SurveyQuestionsStrongly AgreeAgreeNeutral dissentStrongly Disagree1. Is your job as a patrol officer worth all the risks?2. Do you think that force is needed in enforcing the law?3. Are you willing to employ force when you are threatened by a civilian?4. Do civilians usually provoke physical encounters with law enforcers?5. Do you think that the use of force is effective in promoting compliance?6. Do you think that there is a need to have a good physical and quick-thinking build to b etter handle physical encounters?7. Do you think that by having police weapons and gadgets will help you do your job better in enforcing the law?8. Are you prepared physically, emotionally and psychologically to engage in a physical encounter with a civilian?

Despairing Companionship Essay

raw Love, a poetic succession by George Meredith, describes a skeptical opinion on the idea of groundbreaking bask. Merediths devastating tone, complex metaphors and metaphors, and dark imagery convey a sad and regretful observation tower on the love of this time.Modern Love is riddled with a tone full of regret and heartache, devising this juvenile love seem more like the opposite of love. The speaker says she wept with waking eyes and her obscure low sobs were strangled mute. The words describing this woman are full of grief, full of vain regret. Her preserve is sorely aware of his wifes sadness, by her reaction to his hands light quiver by her head and her sobs that were dreadfully venomous to him. The speakers worried tone shows how much the economize wishes for his wife to be happy, besides his actions of loving care and cautiousness do nothing to quell her tears. This makes modern love seem hopeless and full of despair for both the man and his distraught wife.Use of intense simile and metaphor throughout Modern Love also demonstrates a grim view on the excogitation of modern love. The muffled cries of the wife are called little gaping snakes showing how afraid and vulnerable the husband is to them. The mans wife has a Giant heart of Memory and Tears which shows the heavy, almost vapid organ that the wife carries around within her, empty of love, only able to remember the sadness to which she has been subjected to. Then, the husband and wife are said to be like sculpture effigies in their common bed, lying stone-still. quite of two lovers talking to each other and loving each other in their bed, a posterior shared between the two of them, they are moveless and silent. This makes modern love seem empty of joy, empty of companionship, and spare of love.Modern Love also utilizes imagery to portray the sadness and tension of modern love. The wife is expound as lying stone-still. They are both moveless as they look back through their dead non-white years. Their life is described as black, which provides the image of nothingness, as if there is no memory worth seeing. Their modern love provides no light with which their lives might be made happy. They are seen as sculptured effigies, motivation for the sword that severs all. Instead of wishing for a good relationship or positive time together, they want something to end their marriage, to end the one thing that ties them together. This modern love is not love at all, but a forced binding between two people who want nothing of it.The poetic sequence Modern Love by George Meredith conveys a dark and regretful view of modern love through heartbreaking tone, deep similes and metaphors, and intense imagery.

Culture and Hipster Central Dogma Essay

Hipster is a subculture of young (15 25), urban center of attention class adults and older teenagers that appe ard in the 1990s.The subculture is associated with non-mainstream lifestyle. They value independent thinking, progressive politics, creativity, word of honor and non-mainstream fashion sensibility. Most of them sess be found living in the big cities like New York, Chicago, and San Francisco. Also hippyism is often intertwined with translucent fashion sensibilities .Hipsters reject the culturally-ignorant attitudes of mainstream consumers, and are often be seen wearing vintage, tight jeans, old-school sneakers, and often thick line glasses. Men and women hipsters have similar androgynous hair styles that include combinations of dirty shag cuts and asymmetrical side-swept bangs. Such styles are the work of creative stylists at urban salons, and are usually not mainstream. patronage the misconception made on the external image, hipsters tend to be well educated in scien ces, which guide certain creative analytical thinking abilities. This leads to the fact that they find themselves in creative works, such as music, art, and fashion industries.It is a myth that most hipsters are unemployed and live off of their rears trust funds. Hipsters shun mainstream, It is part of the hipster central dogma not to be influenced by mainstream advertising and media. This is tends to only promote ethnocentric ideals of beauty, the concepts of androgyny and feminism have influenced hipster culture, where hipster men are often as thin as the women they date. Women view the muscular, athletic and other male person ideals as symbols of their oppression, sexism, and misogyny. Likewise, culturally-vapid sorority-type girls with fake blond hair, overly tanned skin, and Britney Spears tube-tops are not seen as attractive by cultured hipster males who instead see them as symbols of female insecurity, low self-esteem, and neglect of cultural intelligence and independent thinking.Likewise, girls with fake blond hair and overly tanned skin are not seen as attractive by cultured hipster males who instead see them as symbols of female insecurity, low self-esteem, and lack of cultural intelligence and independent thinking. There are many interracial couples in hipster subculture because they are very racially open-minded. Although hipsters are conformists within their own subculture, in comparison to the much large mainstream mass they are pioneers latest cultural trends and ideals.For example many bands have become successful and cognise to mainstream audiences only because hipsters first found and listened to them as early-adopters of new culture. Once certain concepts of fashion and music have reached mainstream audiences, hipsters move on to something new and improved. Once something from fashion and music have reached mainstream audiences, hipsters move on to something new. Because of the rise of various online photo-blog and social networking si tes, insights into urban hipster culture is reaching furnish suburban audiences at an exponential rate. Cultural norms have been deconstructed by hipster culture as a whole.

Violence in TV and society

How the nature and frequency of forcefulness in telly programs and movies effects socializing and being socialized. Sociology offers a perspective, a view of the world. The sociological perspective opens a window onto unfamiliar worldsand offers a fresh look at familiar ones (Henslin3). With socialization being such a huge part of our daily lives, it is important that we get the right socialization. Today much of our youths socialization skills argon being obtained from mass media sources, and in particular social networking and television.A single glance at a tikerens television show gives you only a slight limpse of the violence demonstrateed in todays children TV shows. As Americans we ar exposed to violence on a daily basis. Just turning on the TV we be bombarded with news of violent acts, and violent TV shows or movies. This has changed violence into a symbol of despair, and a upshot to most situations. and then changing our perspective of symbolic interactionism, an d its relationship to becoming socialized negatively. The symbolism of violence has been altered, desensitizing us to violent acts.Dave Grossman argues that this is something that has long been used in the ilitary to train soldiers to perform their duty, however these akin techniques have been used unintentionally on the general population which more drastic effects. Because this desensitization is fetching place during childhood rather then in late teens and early twenties, the social constraints that are ordinarily emplace to prevent people from acting out such as norms and sanctions have not been instilled the selfsame(prenominal) way they would be in a 18 or 19 year old. The results have been a drastic increase in violence.Television is by far the medium of mass media socialization. Children watch an average of 3 to 4 hours of television a day (AACAP). It has a huge effect on young children. Children are watching people interact, but are not actually interacting. Time that should be spent international interacting with other children has been replaced with televisions, which dramatically reduces childrens social sills. Television satisfies social needs to some extent but does not give real life social skills that can be used. Along with decreased social skills, children are becoming socialized the wrong way.The majority of children perceive things on television as real. When young children visit somebody shot, stabbed, raped, brutalized, degraded, r murdered on TV, to them it is as though it were actually happening. To have a child of three, four, or five watch a splatter movie, learning to relate to a character for the early 90 minutes and then in the last 30 minutes watch helplessly as that new friend is hunted and brutally murdered is the moral and psychological equivalent of introducing your child to a friend, letting her play with that friend, and then butchering that friend in front of your childs eyes.And this happens to our children hundre ds upon hundreds of times. (Grossman) Is this the way we really trust our kids to rick socialized? To answer this question we must dig deeper, and discover what it really means to become socialized. As stated by our book, Socialization makes us human When we are born, we do not cope what it means to be human. We do not nave any ideas. We do not know now to speak, or now to act . We must learn now to do all these things, and only then, do we father a self.With socialization being such a huge part of becoming human it is all important(p) to get the right kind of socialization, which includes Symbolic interactionism. (Henslin) The symbolic interactionism perspective of sociology views society as a carrefour of everyday social nteractions of individuals. Symbolic interactionists also study how people use symbols to create meaning. In study violence, these theorists look at how people in everyday situations define violence, which differs between cultures and settings. (Spark note s) In the US especially violence has become part of the norm.Most children start out watching kid friendly and educational programs, and just about the ages of three or four start watching shows like Tom and Jerry and Loony toons. Although these shows are somewhat kid friendly they still portray violence as acceptable. Violence is portrayed to be comedic. Thus desensitizing kids to violence in an indirect way. As children grow older, parental controls grow loser, allowing children to watch more violent, and adult rated TV shows, and movies. The exposure to violence at such a young age alters values, and norms.Children pay off to perceive violence as normal, and as a solution to everything. Childrens shows like Ben10, Looney Toons, and Power rangers portray the good guys trying to save the word, by taking drastic and most likely violent measures. The change factor of these shows is actually kids becoming more and more desensitized to violence. Although these shows have not been proven to turn a normal child into a deviant. Hundreds of studies of the effects of TV violence on children and teenagers have found that children whitethorn become immune or numb to the horror of violence.They may gradually accept violence as a way to solve problems, or imitate the violence they observe on television and signalise with certain characters, victims and/or victimizers (Grossman). Keeping in mind that Socialization is the core of our existence and ability to interact with others, we can gather that excessive violence on TV shows, has huge negative impact on childrens socialization skills, and most importantly that it affects the symbolic interactionism that takes place in all stages of socialization.