A Comparison Of Fences By August Wilson - 1175 Words

The set and setting of a story plays a huge role in the story’s plot. The setting â€Å"establishes mood, situation, and character† (Mays 164). It tells you a lot about a character by revealing the character’s personality throughout the story. Setting also creates a strong emotion throughout the story, that the audience can understand. In the film and play â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson we can see the impact of setting in both versions of the story. The setting and characterization of the play and the movie changes in certain scenes, allowing the audience to make a comparison of the two. The details of Wilson’s description of the set itself is very significant because it gives the reader a visual of what was home in the Maxson’s household. It is an†¦show more content†¦A change of set in the film that was powerful was when Rose tells Troy that Alberta has had her baby. In the play, this was set in the yard, but in the play, it was set in Rose and Troy’s bedroom in the middle of the night. The bedroom of a man and a wife is one of the most intermate place between them. And for your wife to tell you that the woman you cheated on her with has had your baby, in the most intimate place in your house is very powerful. Another woman had been invited to their most intermate place; although not physically, it brings on the same amount of hurt. The rain and thundering outside during this scene made it the more powerful. Troy took care of his family as a man should. He took care of his sons with all that he had, but the love for his family was not evident in his character, especially with what he did to Rose. Cheating on Rose was a very selfish, and disrespectful act that showed no love towards his family. Troy’s behavior does not derive from racism, but stems from the relationship he had with his father when he was a teenager. Without him knowing, Troy was very similar to his father. His father â€Å"stayed right here with his family. But he was just as evil as he could be† (Wilson 905). Troy’s description of his father was the same person he was. In his conversation with Cory he says to him: â€Å"like you? I go out of here every morning†¦bust my butt†¦putting gup with them crackersShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Fences By August Wilson1162 Words   |  5 Pagespersonality throughout the story. Setting also creates a strong emotion throughout the story, that the aud ience can understand. In the film and play â€Å"Fences† by August Wilson we can see the impact of setting in both versions of the story. The setting and characterization of the play and movie changes in certain scenes, allowing the audience to make a comparison of the two. Overall, the film does a better job depicting set and characterization. Wilson’s description of the set itself is very significant becauseRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Female Fences, By August Wilson1493 Words   |  6 PagesFemale Fences Fences took place in the 1950’s, during that time the role of women in the 1950 was repressive and constrictive in a lot of ways. The 1950s is often viewed as a period of conformity, when both men and women observed strict gender roles and complied with society’s expectations (Women in 1950’s). Society placed a very high significance on different expectations on behavior in public as well as at home. Women were to be homemakers, caring mothers, and to be an obedient wife to theirRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Cory in The Play Fences by August Wilson1109 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of a fear that was rooted in him nearly eight-teen years earlier. When Troy was released from prison he dreamed of playing Major League Baseball but at that time it was an impossibility because of racial dis he other primary relationship of Fences is that of Troy to his son Cory (Courtney B. Vance) - a promising 17-year-old football player being courted by a college recruiter. Troy himself was once a baseball player in the Negro Leagues - early enough to hit homers off Satchel Paige, tooRead MoreThe Interpretation Of August Wilsons Fences By Denzel Wilson724 Words   |  3 PagesAugust Wilsons’ play â€Å"Fences† gave the American stage one of the most renowned characters. As Wilson originally writes in the play, Troy Maxson, who is an uneducated sanitation worker and a former Negro League Baseball player is depicted as a multi-faceted tragic figure from the mid-1950s Pittsburgh of Wilson’s childhood. This being the case, in the adaptation of this play, Denzel Washington understands the kind of ‘largeness’ portrayed in Wilson’s play and is hence portrayed a shadow that Troy castsRead MoreBaseball InFences, By August Wilson1239 Words   |  5 Pa gesWilson uses baseball to not only develop the character of Troy Maxson, but also to express the black community as a whole in the 50s. As Mollie Wilson O’Reilly put it in her article â€Å"Fertile Ground: August Wilson’s ‘Fences’†: â€Å"Wilson wrote about black Americans ‘reassembling’ themselves and their communities and coping with discrimination and poverty in another decade of the twentieth century† (20). Troy is the embodiment of black American in the 50s. Myles Weber wrote, in â€Å"Rescuing the TragicRead MoreThe Rise And Fall Of Troy Maxon1278 Words   |  6 Pagesof Troy Maxon: An Analysis of August Wilson’s play Fences In Fences, August Wilson, the playwright, provides a believable and powerful examination of the African American experience in the late 1950’s. It provides an apt portrayal of the mentality of African American men going into the civil rights movement, as well as a well-developed account of the friction that occurs between a father and a son, and a husband and wife in the face of conflict. According to Wilson, his play provides CaucasiansRead MoreLiterary Comparison1484 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ A Literary Comparison of â€Å"Fiesta 1980† and Fences Cultural Role in the Family Dynamic Arthur Junot Diaz was born in the Dominican Republic and with his family immigrated to the United States when he was only seven years old. His Hispanic cultural background influences his story and characters Diaz’s characters use Latin dialect throughout the story â€Å"Fiesta 1980†. Likewise August Wilson grew up in a black neighborhood up north that influenced his charactersRead MoreThe Symbolic Importance of the Fence in August Wilson’s Fences1179 Words   |  5 Pages Alan Nadel argues that the object of the fence in August Wilson’s play, â€Å"Fences† symbolizes a great struggle between the literal and figurative definitions of humanity and blackness. The author summarizes the play and uses the character Troy to explain the characterization of black abilities, such as Troy’s baseball talents, as â€Å"metaphoric,† which does not enable Troy to play in the white leagues as the period is set during segregation (Nadel 92). The author is trying to use the charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Fences By August Wilson Essay1837 Words   |  8 PagesFences written by August Wilson, the setting reveals the man that Troy Maxson really is. The set of the play represents Troy Maxson’s character within the play where him and his family reside in a fenced in yard of Troy’s front porch, brick house. He is proud to provide a home for his family. However, Troy has not accomplished this achievement on his own. Which takes a toll on Troy when he realizes he has nothing to show for his life which leads Troy to feel ashamed of himself. The protagonist, TroyRead MoreBaseball Isn’t as Simple as Black and White1392 Words   |  6 Pageswhite players in the Major Leagues, never got a chance to play at the highest level because of their race. This, in and out of itself, caused a lot of hatred and warped views for some of the African-Americans, especially Troy Maxon. Thus, In August Wilson’s Fences, Troy uses references to baseball as a justification for his shortcomings. Troy’s use of baseball references suggest his warped view of social justice because of his ego. Troy himself is an ex-baseball player. He played in the Negro Leagues

The Impact Of Earned Value Analysis Of Managing Project...

The impact of Earned Value analysis in managing project cost control is undeniable. When EVM is implemented on a project, there are significant benefits to the project manager and the customer. Project manager benefits include increased visibility and control to proactively respond to issues that can impact project schedule, cost and objectives. Customer benefits include increase confidence in the PM’s ability to manage the project and track the progress of their project. Additionally, EVM provides a wealth of information for accountants. Accountants can use the data to report profitability to the investment community (Wilkens, 1991). There is a true connection between project management and corporate accounting. PMs use data provided by finance departments as inputs to determine cost performance of projects via EVM. This includes information used to create financial statements such as the cash flow statement, used to track the actual cash in hand. Said financial statements ar e to be crafted in compliance with the U.S. GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles). GAAP impacts every item on a qualifying financial statement. GAAP guidelines dictates how financial statements are produced every step of the way, covering hundreds of different components, according to Stanford University’s Cardinal Money Management website (Gresham, 2012). GAAP encompasses basic accounting principles and guidelines and detailed standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards BoardShow MoreRelatedMaster Of Biotechnology ( Biomedical )1241 Words   |  5 Pages PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSIGNEMENT 1 C UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE NAME: Nishanthan Chandrasekaran STUDENT NUMBER: 1661145 COURSE: Master of Biotechnology (Biomedical) TASK: What is the value of having good time and cost management plans when undertaking project execution? Identify at least six tools / techniques (3 each for Time and cost management) that you would use for managing and controlling Time and Costs in theRead MoreRisk Management : The Technology Intensive Organizations Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesRisk management: The technology intensive organizations using the analysis approach to forecast risk associated with tasks and process that used for producing goods and services. This kind of approach and management practices helping organization to maintain the proper workflow by considering the risk factors. In addition to this, manager are using schedule compression analysis to evaluate the key barriers and develop plan to achieve objective more efficient manner. Traditional management approachRead MoreProject Cost Management1646 Words   |  7 PagesProject Cost Management Review pages 273, 274, and 275!!! EV PV AC EVM RP CV SV CPI SPI The Importance of Project Cost Management IT projects have a poor track record for meeting budget goals. The CHAOS studies found the average cost overrun (the additional percentage or dollar amount by which actual costs exceed estimates) ranged from 180 percent in 1994 to 56 percent in 2004; other studies found overruns to be 33-34 percent. What is Cost and Project CostRead MoreLessons for Managing Technology Projects1055 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Lessons for Managing Technology Projects From Construction Case Assessments and Analysis Introduction Managing the scope, complexity and costs of enterprise systems including information technology (IT) projects is very comparable to managing a complex construction project as well. Just as IT projects have many dependencies and complex requirements that serve to constrain scope and costs, the same holds true on large-scale construction projects as well (Chang, 2010). The essential elementsRead MoreProject Management Tools Used For Alpha Tech1148 Words   |  5 PagesProject Management Tools used in Janguar Project: 1. Work breakdown structure In the Teradyne s traditional execution of the project always not well defined, using WBS the project scope and deliverables become well defined, with detail description from all task and the relation of one task and another, it could make their job description very clear, so it easier for the manager for them to assign task to the engineer. 2. 3-ponint estimation In the jaguar project, they make scenarios for their projectRead MoreMonitoring And Control Of A Project Calls1297 Words   |  6 Pages Monitoring and Control Name: Institutional Affiliation Monitoring and control Introduction Monitoring refers to the processes of checking and monitoring the project’s process to ensure that it complies with timelines, the project scope, schedules, and deliverables. The process of project control involves measuring the progress through contrasting and comparing the actual progress and taking corrective actions as needed (Nayab, 2011). The phase of project execution forms the foundationRead MoreEssay on Sizing Software with Testable Requirements1107 Words   |  5 Pages Article summary Without measuring the cost the project cannot be managed. In order to size the project the testable requirements can be used . The Testable requirements implies a new software measurement paradigm. There are some attributes and applications which needs to be identified. In the industry the sizing measures are generally used to normalize the different sizing measures ,hence it can be compared . Further without a sizing the project the productivity statistics cannot be obtainedRead MoreProject Management : Application And Integration Of Various Processes Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. Project management is practised through application and integration of various processes. †¢ Initiating- In order to start or initiate any project one must have an objective. The managers starts with one prime objective of the project that what they yield from the project. In order to make project successful with a good vision of scope. †¢ Planning- PlanningRead MoreThe Risk Management Pl A High Level Overview Of The Project Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe risk management plan provides a high-level overview of the project. It is the process of identifying, assessing, responding, controlling, documenting and reporting risks. A risk is an event or condition that could have a negative effect on a projects objectives and success. A risk could also create a positive effect known as an opportunity. This paper will define how risks associated with the driveway resurface project will be identified, analyzed and managed. It further outlines how risk managementRead MoreProject Management Strategy2211 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Project Management is all about managing your tasks and goals with the best use of available resources within a fixed frame of time. To achieve the fixed time, the project manager would need the proper coordination of all possible inputs required to carry out the task successfully. One of such inputs is the project management maturity model which allows for improvement of project management processes and systems (Crawford, 2006). Project management maturity is the progressive development

Unique Characteristics Of The Bakery Shop †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Unique Characteristics Of The Bakery Shop? Answer: Introduction Doughnut corner is a new bakery store in Sydney, Australia that covers both domestic and international clients with the unique characteristics of the bakery shop. The aim of the bakery is not to sell cakes and doughnuts to their customers but run accredited and standard bakery school in Sydney as well. The structure will be based on the summary of the business plan and analyzing the components of the business. Overview of bakery Doughnut corner bakery is an organic bakery that specializes in dairy as well as gluten free cakes and other products. In order to make the bakery the most popular in Australia, they are investing a huge sum of amount into hiring the best professional bakers for the company. Business Model The model that will be adopted by Doughnut corner is sole proprietorship business wherein the debts as well as the liabilities will be the sole responsibility of the proprietor. As with sole proprietorship, the owner can deduct the losses with relevance to the total income. The strategies of marketing that can be adopted by the owner as to attract the customers are to make proper flyers that will contain the business name along with the logo. The flyer will be put on the cars and it will mention that those who will bring the flyers on the inauguration day, up to 30% discount will be provided to them on any drinks. Innovativeness Doughnut corner bakery is all set to redefine the process of running the bakery business not in Sydney but in entire Australia. There is proper training of employees in the bakery at regular intervals that will help them in meeting the demands of the customers in the competitive market (Bryman Bell, 2015). The strongest selling point of Doughnut corner is the unique tastes of all the products sold by the respective bakery. The innovativeness of the bakery shop is to provide training to the individuals who are interested in baking. The other innovative idea generated by the company is to provide free training to the customers who are purchasing products of a certain range. Essential components of business model Mission and vision statement To meet the demands of the customers in all parts of the world and providing training to the customers who are interested in learning baking and decorating personalized design cakes. To become the top bakeries in the entire world within a year and can develop more outlets in the other cities as well. Products and services Doughnut corner bakery deals with different kinds of baked products from assorted cakes and breads as well. The products and services are as follows: Meat pie Cakes Fruit gluten free cakes Training Consultancy services Market analysis Market needs are essential to be considered as Sydney has a hot climate iced coffee and other cakes that are served with ice creams are high in demand significantly (Simn-Moya Revuelto-Taboada, 2016). Analysis of business is necessary as there is less competition in the market, Doughnut corner bakery position itself in such a manner so that customers get attracted properly (Hair, 2015). Buying patterns and competition is essential as the other competitors can sell the same product at lower prices in the competitive market and attract customers as well. Proper strategies relating to quality has to be maintained by Doughnut corner. Management team Chief Executive Officer Chief Baker Assistant Manager Security officers Cleaners Conclusion Therefore, it can be inferred that proper innovation is essential in the business in order to make the business successful in competitive market. Proper strategies have to be implemented by the company as to attract customers and gain profit in the business as well. Proper proprietorship is required, as it will help in gaining sustainability. References Blackburn, R. A., Hart, M., Wainwright, T. (2013). Small business performance: business, strategy and owner-manager characteristics.Journal of small business and enterprise development,20(1), 8-27. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Hair, J. F. (2015).Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Simn-Moya, V., Revuelto-Taboada, L. (2016). Revising the predictive capability of business plan quality for new firm survival using qualitative comparative analysis.Journal of Business Research,69(4), 1351-1356.

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay free essay sample

Prejudice towards different people is a huge part of Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird novel. Nearly every little mishap in the book has been somehow linked or caused by prejudice. Naturally, the town of Maycomb is affected by it, and the effect isn’t for the best. Prejudice is a destructive force in Maycomb, bringing nothing to the town. The cause of Maycomb being destroyed is prejudice spreading hatred throughout the town, separating the people, and excluding and enabling members of the town to fully get what they need. There is a lot of hatred spread throughout Maycomb County. The town is filled with prejudice people spreading their prejudice ways to other people, or to the younger generations. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout comes home from school with racist language on her tongue, and hate for a kid in her class. Even though her father, Atticus, tries to teach his kids that being prejudice is bad, Scout picks it up anyway, from her other social activities. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another example is Francis, Jem and Scout’s cousin. His grandmother, known as Aunt Alexandra, is extremely prejudiced against black, poor, and weird people. This is a trait she has obviously spread to her grandson, and it is proven when he calls Atticus a ‘black-person lover’, tempting Scout to punch him. The third example from To Kill a Mockingbird is how Bob Ewell spits in Atticus’s face because Atticus was defending Tom, a convicted black man. Atticus was just doing his job as a lawyer, but since Bob Ewell is a prejudiced man, he felt the need to tell Atticus his place in the world, and in his mind, it’s not among the black people. All these people are consumed by hate by what the older, or other generation has burned into their brains, that it’s right to treat people based on what they look like, or believe in. Prejudice is also a destructive force because it physically and mentally separates the people of Maycomb. There are ‘groups’ in Maycomb, which are marked by one or more trait that all of the members of the group have similarly. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the people of Maycomb have two types of churches; a black-person church, and a white-person church. When Scout and Jem are taken to Calpurnia’s black-only church, it’s a surprise for all of the members of the church. At first the people react in an unpleasant way to their arrival, but then they get used to the idea of white people in their church. Another example is how the Ewells are separated from the rest of Maycomb. The Ewells are very economically unstable, so they live behind the town dump, isolated from the rest of the town. Dolphus Raymond and his family are another example of isolated residents of Maycomb. Dolphus Raymond is a white man, who is married to a black woman. In Maycomb, that is an unspeakable scandal, because blacks and whites aren’t supposed to mix. He and his kids and wife are separated from the rest of society because they are different. Jem calls Raymond’s half-white-half-black kids sad because they don’t belong anywhere. The white people don’t want to have anything to do with them because they are black, and the blacks don’t want them because they’re white. These groups are divided by thin but defined lines and people aren’t encouraged to cross them. This causes separation and it leads to the town being divided into multiple groups, all because of prejudice. Being excluded or not being able to get what you need because of prejudice is another reason why it’s a destructive force in Maycomb. The groups of people in Maycomb rarely allow different people to interact with each other. Sometimes, people get excluded because of the colour of their skin, or by the amount of money they carry in their pockets. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Helen Robinson, the wife of the convicted black man, can’t find a job after her husband gets accused of rape. She needed to support her family by getting a job, but nobody wanted to employ her because of what her husband was rumored to have done. Prejudice against Tom Robinson lead to his wife and kids not being able to get what they needed. Another example of exclusion in To Kill a Mockingbird is when Aunt Alexandra wouldn’t let Scout play with Walter Cunningham because he was poor. She says that his family is different from the Finches, and that he wasn’t as good as them. She also places certain families of Maycomb into groups that exclude the rest of the town from their activities. An example of this is when she ways that all Penfield women are flighty, after a Penfield girl giggled during church. According to her, all Maycomb families have a streak of their own, and that places them into their own groups. This lead s to exclusion from various other groups, because people don’t think you belong with them, and not being able to get what you want. If a person can’t feed their kids or support themselves, they can’t lead a good life. In all forms of prejudice, whether its racism, sexism, or ageism, it brings no good to Maycomb County, and is a destructive force to the small town. The town of Maycomb is the discriminating way it is because of prejudice people spreading hatred throughout the town, separating the people, and excluding and enabling citizens of the town to fully get what they need. Mainly all of the problems in the novel are caused by prejudice, and slowly but surely, the people of the town will have to see the effects of their ways, and their town will destruct if the prejudice people don’t change. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay free essay sample In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee demonstrates through characters of various background that maturation can lead one to develop just morals if he or she is exposed to the right type of environment. Scout and Jem Finch are able to develop a sense of empathy, selflessness, and honesty because they are raised by Atticus and are exposed to people in their family who exhibit these traits. Scout’s character is shaped by maturation as the novel progresses, she initially is a girl characterized as somewhat bratty and uncompassionate. However, with the counsel of Atticus who tells her, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view Until you climb inside of his skin and walk around in it’ † (Lee 30). Scout gains an improved sense of empathy once she has matured a few years. Being the daughter of an intelligent man, such as Atticus, serves Scout well in developing values. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Atticus is not the only one in her family who affects Scout with his display of empathy, maturity, and fairness; her Uncle Jack has equally righteous standards. As a young child who picks up what she hears, Scout catches a habit of swearing unnecessarily. Scout doesn’t realize that it is immature to use swear words at inappropriate times. â€Å"But at supper that evening when I asked him to pass the damn ham, please, Uncle Jack pointed at me. ‘See me afterwards, young lady,’ he said† (Lee 79). Scout is surrounded by the guidance of mature adults who can teach her better and Uncle Jack’s guidance causes Scout to understand that it’s improper to use profanities casually. Scout receives appropriate counsel because she is exposed to mature adults who teach her valuable principles. Like Scout, Jem Finch is able to learn moral lessons from the people who guide him. As a nine year-old boy in the beginning of the novel, Jem’s perception of courage is simplistic and naive. He perceives bravery to be accepting dares and having the guts to do daring deeds. As demonstrated by Scout’s observations, â€Å"In all his life, Jem had never declined a dare† (Lee 13). However, through various lessons about what it means to be courageous, Atticus teaches him the meaning of moral bravery. Atticus says to his son â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know youre licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what† (Lee 112). Jem is able to learn what it truly means to be brave through the exposure to his father who manifests values of bravery, strength, and integrity. Being raised in the right kind of society allows one to develop strong values through maturation. A prime example of the negative effect that maturation has on those who are not raised in an environment of love, maturity, and happiness are the Ewell family. The Ewell’s are â€Å"the disgrace of Maycomb for three generations† who are looked at as the black sheep of Maycomb county because â€Å"none of them had done an honest day’s work in [Atticus’s] recollection† (Lee 30). Those raised in the background of the Ewell family â€Å"[are] people, but [live] like animals† and are not exposed to decent people, habits, or values. The Ewells are adamant to adapt to the standards of Maycomb’s society. â€Å" ‘There are ways of keeping them in school by force, but it’s silly to force people like the Ewells into a new environment—’† (Lee 30). The Ewells display closed-mindedness by not willing to attend school for a change, which portrays them as immature people. One instance in which the Ewells demonstrate bad character is when Mayella Ewell accuses Tom Robinson, an innocent man, of rape. In actuality, Mayella is the one who was seducing Tom. As a result, Mayella’s father beats her, and uses her injuries from the beatings as false evidence that Tom sexually assaulted her. Mayella’s actions are laced with dishonesty, selfishness, and a lack of empathy; her father’s are no better, revealing bigotry, prejudice, and selfishness. Mayella was not raised in a proper environment in which she could have been given the guidance to teach her the importance of honesty and other virtues, making her an unpleasant being. One’s surroundings play a large role in the ethics he or she develops. Atticus Finch is able to influence Scout and Jem in such a way that he teaches them values such as empathy, honesty, and bravery because he himself comes from a background of intelligence and moral education. Atticus chose of his own will to defend Tom Robinson in Mayella’s case when nobody else was willing to defend him because â€Å"If [he] didn’t [he] couldn’t hold up [his] head in town, [he] couldn’t represent this county in the legislature, [he] couldn’t even tell [Scout] or Jem not to do something again he]† (Lee 75). Atticus’s decision to defend Tom derived from his passion for empathy and equality. Scout and Jem are able to take after Atticus’s traits from being raised by him. Harper Lee demonstrates in To Kill a Mockingbird, using three characters that are raised in different backgrounds that maturation may teach people principles such as empathy, fairness, and nobility if they are brought about in an ethical community. Being exposed to the correct kind of environment allows one to develop good habits in life and general moral values. Guidance is important in the process of growing up because it sets examples for those who are growing, who take after what they are taught in life. The people around us shape our qualities, affecting what kind of people we will become. Who we are depends on our surroundings, which is eventually who we become. The morals we develop depend on the environment we are in throughout maturation. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay free essay sample To kill a Mockingbird Discrimination is a topic many authors have focused on for a long time. It has been the basis of many arguments, and has been around for thousands of years. Prejudice still currently affects our society today. In Harper Lee’s book, To Kill A Mockingbird, prejudice is evident in the form of social, and racial discrimination through the characters of Scout, Atticus, and Tom and some other characters in the novel. The most prominent form of racial discrimination in the book is Tom’s trial. Tom, a black male, was wrongly accused of raping Mayella Ewell. Bob Ewell comes up with this story to convince the jury that Tom is guilty, and to cover his tracks of domestic abuse. Mayella Ewell was attacked by a person who is left handed, and Tom’s left hand was crippled by an accident with a cotton gin. Although Tom had a reason for being perfectly innocent, the jury sentenced him just because it was a white woman’s words over a black male’s. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Using the example above, one finds that black men are at the lowest part of the totem pole. Page 226 says â€Å"There’s four kinds of folks in the world. There’s the ordinary kind like us and the neighbors, there’s the kind like the Cunninghams out in the woods, the kind like the Ewells down at the dump, and the Negroes. † Women in this time were also discriminated against. Scout is reprimanded for being a tom boy. She is told by her aunt several times that she couldn’t be a woman if she wore breeches. Her aunt also reckons that Scout should participate in feminine activities such as: playing with stoves, tea sets, and necklaces. Atticus Finch, Scouts Dad, also somewhat discriminates against women. Page 221 voices Atticus telling Jem women are not to serve on a jury. Dill explains to Scout that if girls did something that normally only boys do, she is going to be slandered for it. Scout being a tomboy is socially against the rules of this time. Discrimination will continue to be present for a long time. The novel gives hope for the future, and that there will be no more prejudice in the modern and future world. Many characters of Maycomb want to change the views of the prejudiced townsfolk, even though discrimination is a difficult force to defeat. People who have read this novel are sure to become aware of things, such as prejudice, happening all around them. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay free essay sample The novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee has caused several controversies. Many school systems have banned this novel from reading due to the harsh content while other schools have not. This novel should not be banned from Stafford County school systems. To Kill a Mockingbird exposes readers to the reality of American history, teaches students valuable life lessons, it is a highly entertaining novel, and our right to freedom of press in the First Amendment. Many believe To Kill a Mockingbird should be banned in school systems, but this novel exposes readers to the reality of American history. Whether society wants to believe it or not, the events in this book did happen more than we would have liked. For example, Tom Robinson’s trial, Tom was innocent, but the jury tried him as guilty because of the color of his skin. Situations like the trial happened many times in history and this novel perhaps helps us to understand why. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The novel also explains what society thought of mixed children or interracial couples. Though this novel uses profaned language, it emphasizes the harshness of the past and allows readers a view into a part of American history that readers will not want to repeat. To Kill a Mockingbird does not only teach about history, it also teaches students valuable life lessons. In this novel, Atticus Finch teaches Scout the valuable lesson of not judging someone until you’ve walked in their shoes. Not only does the story line mention Atticus explaining this lesson to Scout, it grows on that idea and shows how Scout applies it to her life situations. While reading about Scout applying this lesson, it gets readers to think how they could apply it to their own lives. The lesson is a very commonly heard one, but Harper Lee writes it in a way that readers will never forget. Harper Lee made To Kill a Mockingbird a highly entertaining novel. Throughout the story there are laughable moments. This novel doesn’t only have enjoyable moments like Jem showing Scout his â€Å"chest hair†, but it also has moments with great suspense such as Jem’s pants getting caught on the Radley’s fence. Harper Lee has impressive writing skills, she was able to compact the feelings of suspense, comedy, anger, sadness, and many more all into one novel. No student should ever miss out on such a fantastically written book because their school is apprehensive on exposing students to entertainment. Lastly, School systems should not ban To Kill a Mockingbird because of our right to Freedom of the Press in the First Amendment. The meaning of Freedom of the Press means the right to write freely, however why write something if it will not be read by an audience it is meant for? A current controversy is it appropriate to judge a book written in a different era based on the standards of today’s society? That being said, most school systems ban our rights of reading what was freely written because they believe banning it will protect students from the racial past. What the school systems do not realize is, they are cutting students off from learning the truth and if we do not learn from history, are we doomed to repeat it? The banning of this novel is pure ignorance. To Kill a Mockingbird should not be banned form Stafford County school systems. This novel allows students to learn an important part of history, and it teaches them unforgettable life values. To Kill a Mockingbird is a great source of entertainment and banning it will go against historical rights. Racial comments, bigotry, and events did happen in history. Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird is able to explain the racial depths of the past with realistic situations. Everyone should have a chance to read, discuss, and understand this novel in a school environment.

Todd Anderson’s Growth Sample Essay Example For Students

Todd Anderson’s Growth Sample Essay â€Å"I wished to populate intentionally. to look merely the indispensable facts of life. and see if I could non larn what it had to learn. and non. when I came to decease. detect that I had non lived† ( Thoreau ) . After reading this. Todd Anderson. from the film The Dead Poets Society. realizes he does non desire to decease like this. Anderson arrives to an all-boys school. non cognizing that his whole manner of thought was about to alter. Before. he lived non for himself. but to delight his parents by trying to be like his successful brother. Populating like this made him quiet and witting of all of his actions. He has to believe moderately before making anything excessively self-generated. One would state this is the manner of a Rationalist mind. Throughout the category taught by an inventive instructor named Mr. Keating. Todd Anderson easy develops thoughts that become actions of a true Romantic. Although Todd Anderson begins as a Rationalist mind. his actions. which are inspired by Mr. Keating. proves that he transformed in to a latitudinarian Romantic. Worsening many invitations and taking to concentrate on assignments. Todd shows actions of a Rationalist. After category. Mr. Keating assigns prep due the following twenty-four hours. It’s a beautiful twenty-four hours out and many choose to disregard the deadline of the assignment to play outdoors. As Todd focuses to complete the assignment by himself. his friend. Neil Perry. invites him to fall in him outdoors. Anderson diminutions and explains that he needs to finish the prep. We will write a custom essay on Todd Anderson’s Growth Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The force per unit area of delighting his parents is forcing him to make his best in his instruction without any holding any distraction. He shows his privation to obtain cognition by utilizing concluding that he can non complete this prep if he goes out and dramas. Without mention to the external universe. Todd continues to analyze. Todd was much like a positivist mind. Rationalist thought can come in many state of affairss. In this instance. Todd urges Neil Perry to believe about his actions sanely. During a pupil interruption. Neil comes to Todd with a really aroused smiling on his face. He tells Todd that he is to play the chief lead of the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Todd replies with letdown. â€Å"how’re you traveling to make this? Your male parent will kill you! † ( Peter Weir ) . Thinking rationally. Todd urges Neil to make the right thing by moving harmonizing to his father’s orders. Todd’s thought is similar to the doctrine of a Ratio nalist. He believes that Neil should remain off from the self-generated and vernal universe of moving and happen himself on the steadfast foundations of his father’s direction merely like a positivist would desire to be in a confident place and way. Anderson’s attitude towards his friends shows how he begins school with a strong attack of being a Positivist. Todd Anderson’s beliefs are stiff. but after Mr. Keating’s lesson. Todd shows marks of a Romantic. During category. Mr. Keating calls Todd to portion his poesy. Slowly and untalkative Todd explains that he did non finish a verse form. Mr. Keating helps Todd by shuting his eyes and utilizing methods to promote him to declaim a verse form. Todd so recites a verse form from his bosom and from his psyche. His verse form releases emotions. Todd’s effusion was a mark of Romanticism. Just like Todd. a Romantic would â€Å"see poesy as the highest look of the imagination† ( Anderson 143 ) . This is merely the first mark of his transmutation in to going a entire Romantic. Ignoring all ground and following his intuition. Todd stands up against authorization and stands up for what he thinks is right. While Mr. Keating comes to recover his things after being fired. Todd ignores all ground. Not believing about the authorization that was in the room. Todd stands on his desk and cries triumphantly. â€Å"Oh Captain. my Captain! † ( Peter Weir ) . He admires his instructor and knows he needs to show it in the grandest manner possible. His action identifies him as a Romantic. .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .postImageUrl , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:hover , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:visited , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:active { border:0!important; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:active , .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0379afe996399331f6739afa500a3be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: diabetes EssayMerely like Todd. a Romantic â€Å"values experiencing and intuition over reason† ( Anderson 143 ) . Expressing his feelings by the most self-generated action. Todd Anderson is recognized as a latitudinarian Romantic. In the beginning of the school twelvemonth. Todd starts out a realist. believing that he didn’t have anything to lend. unsure of his thoughts. and unable to show his true ideas and emotions. He gives no notice of the outside universe and focuses to delight his parents. Following the inspirational advice that Mr. Keating gave to Todd. he grew in to a whole new individual. a Romantic whose thoughts and actions were worldly and infuse d with emotion. Get downing the school twelvemonth with no voice to lend. Todd grounds things exhaustively to do certain it would be categorized as delighting to his parents. Having no impulsiveness in his life. Mr. Keating introduces new thoughts really face-to-face from his. Todd easy grows into a self-generated Romantic. Plants Cited Anderson. Robert. â€Å"Characteristics of a Rationalist and Romantic. † Elementss of Literature. Ed. Bill Wahlgren et Al. Fifth Course. Austin: Holt. Reinhart. and Winston. 2008. 214. Print. Dead Poets Society. Dir. Peter Weir. Buena Vista Pictures. 1989. Film. Henry David Thoreau. Walden ( Oxford University Press: 1997 ) . 83.

CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment - Fallacies Coursework

CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment - Fallacies Coursework CHS200 CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment – Fallacies al affiliation CHS200 - Critical Thinking - Module 4 SLP Assignment - FallaciesErrors in reasoning are continually engulfing the contemporary arguments hence transforming comprehension, message and intention. Of controversy is the ability to identify logical fallacies, which is increasingly becoming rare (Holt, 2006). Evidently, fallacious reasoning shield people from identifying the truth.A logical fallacy is a bad piece of reasoning grouped into formal and informal categories based on a technical sense that the argument derives. Formal or deductive fallacies offer a water-tight argument that directly connects the premise to conclusion. This is a fatal error in reasoning that has left logisticians and other experts questioning the logical truth. Technically, a logical error in deductive reasoning makes the whole argument fallacious (Holt, 2006).Logical errors can also occur in informal arguments with limited cer tainty. The probability of establishing conclusions, for instance, exposes rational choices to logical tests. The strict sense of might fails to establish the validity of the conclusion hence failing to meet even the standard of deductive validity (Holt, 2006). In this light, identification of informal and logical error becomes complex considering the wide and inferential capacity to re-shape.Therefore, people commit fallacious mistakes in a day to day sequence. Nevertheless, both formal and informal arguments present a substantial level of errors in reasoning that requires further understanding. The complexity in identification of logical errors may become ideal if presumption, relevance and ambiguity gets a centre stage in arguments.In conclusion, the ability to identify fallacious reasoning also contributes to fallacy. The misleading techniques create a false dilemma in reasoning that loosely leaves arguments to presumption. For this reason, evidence should be a critical element in questioning and interpreting fallacies.ReferenceHolt, T. (2006). Logical Fallacies. Info. Retrieved on May 24, 2014, from logicalfallacies.info.

Economic Issues that Arise in the Decision to Get a Haircut Essay

Economic Issues that Arise in the Decision to Get a Haircut - Essay Example According to Ballestero and Romero (72), decision making is both a formal and a non-formal activity, since everyone does it with or without their knowledge. However, people make decisions with the objective of accomplishing a particular goal in mind. In life, making decision is not a choice but an obligation. The goal of the process for businesses is enhancing efficiency in operations. Furthermore, the process aids in analyzing issues from a financial perspective. This is because decisions made by managers have financial implications on the position of a business in the corporate world. People consider several factors before coming up with decisions in all circumstances. In a business settings, managers consult widely prior to coming up with a decision on a particular issue. Consequently, the person making the decision analyzes the short-term consequences of the decision prior to choosing a particular alternative. It is important to generate alternatives to chose when planning to mak e decisions. In order for one to choose to get a haircut, he should consider the factors involved such as the opportunity cost, gains of the trade and elasticity of the demand. Additionally, the person has to decide the place from where to get his haircut. For instance, the person will consider price as a critical factor in making the decision on the issues. ... In making the decision, the person should note that the decision has both positive and unconstructive consequences depending on the process. Decision-making is the most critical process in business management because it determines profitability. The process also influences directions of operations for businesses. According to business managers, it is the central objectives in management. For the case above, the choice of the machine and the person to conduct the job are critical elements to consider when analyzing impacts of choosing to cut the hair from a business perspective. Consequently, competence of the barber, the barber’s attitude and time are critical in decision-making. Since the alternatives have several financial implications, the individual has to choose alternative that best suit his interest. According to economists, the need to satisfy the basic wants is the basis of decision-making. Interestingly, the satisfaction of one’ needs is not the end goal in it self since a decision leads to other needs. For instance, cutting hair in a particular way, will lead to the urge of dressing a manner that is appropriate to the haircut. Moreover, choosing a particular hairstyle signifies the position of an individual in the society. In modern society, several styles of haircuts have different connotations. The most dominant style resembles popular opinion in the society. Unique hairstyle on the contrary represents nouvelle ideas. The knowledge that different hairstyle espouse different meaning dictates choices in society. Given that many hairstyles are available, selecting one is a daunting task. To the young, shaggy haircuts is trendy and cool, whereas the old dislike the style. Teenagers

Research Methods and Methodologies in Accounting and Management Essay

Research Methods and Methodologies in Accounting and Management - Essay Example August Comte was the philosopher, which coined the term positivism and linked it with empiricism, which believes that authentic knowledge can only be gained with the help of our senses, human experience, and verification. Positivist researchers aimed at creating mechanisms with which they could develop hypothesis, test them in a manner, which helps them to predict the future occurrences or behavior (Scott & Morrison, pp. 314-316, 2006; Cohen, pp. 124-125, 2007). The positivist research approach is also known as the scientific approach where the logical of inquiry is based on reason, facts, and experiences. Holding knowledge of anything, which is beyond the human experience or which cannot be observed or measured, is impossible (Eriksson & Kovalainen, pp. 89-91, 2008). For example, in his research and studies, the focus of B. F. Skinner was on observing the predicting the positive and negative reinforces of behavior and he went on to avoid all other cultural, human and social factors which can impact the process since it is not possible to observe, measure and predict them (Phillimore & Goodson, pp. 209-211, 2004). Moreover, positivist researcher avoid the subjective state of individuals because they think that humans are passive and reactive to the external stimuli, which makes their thinking and behavior predictable and unworthy of attention. This not only dehumanizes the human beings but also makes them unworthy of free will (Zalan & Lewis, pp. 507-508, 2004). Positivist researchers go on to believe that the entire universe is working on specific principles of cause and effect. Moreover, in order to uncover the truth, the researcher should try to find those cause and effect link and use that to predict the future events, occurrences, and behaviors (McNiff & Whitehead, pp. 10-12, 2000; Creswell, pp. 235-236, 2009). Positivist research methods include experimental research and descriptive research. As the name suggests, experimental research occurs when the res earchers deliberately manipulate certain factors under highly controlled and monitored conditions (Johnson & Christensen, pp. 346-347, 2010; Cohen, pp. 124-125, 2007). Quite understandably, the purpose remains to highlight links between variables while manipulating different factors. Under the umbrella of descriptive research, researchers use surveys, case studies, developmental studies, corelational studies, trend studies, and others (Eriksson & Kovalainen, pp. 89-91, 2008; Scott & Morrison, pp. 314-316, 2006). Critical Research Methodology On the other hand, critical researchers hold the belief that social reality has its roots in history and although, people may try to change themselves and their reality but in the process of the doing so they find themselves faced with various social, economic, cultural and political barriers. It was Jurgen Habermas, one of the leading German philosophers of the 21st century, who deserves the credit for developing and nurturing this approach in the field of social sciences and research in order to explore the historical forces, which have the power of restrict the human freedom and justice in the society (Creswell, pp. 235-236, 2009). Karl Marx, Georg Hegel, Paulo Freire, and others have also played an important role in development of this theory (Eriksson & Kovalainen, pp. 89-91, 2008; Zalan & Lewis, pp. 507-508, 2004). Like the interpretativists, critical researchers also address and acknowledge the fact that the element of subjectivity is present in observations but

2 responses paper Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2 responses paper - Case Study Example Acceptance of the technology is a way in which the democracy is being overlooked, further dismissing it as unnecessary and inconveniencing. I do not concur with the article. Obviously, the issue is a contest between privacy and security. In resolving the issue, I think it is important for one to question what matters between the two. Here, the answer is simple; breaching the right to privacy is not as serious as disregarding security. For one obvious reason, whereas breaching privacy may only inconvenience people, overlooking the pertinence of security would not only cause inconveniences, but also lose of lives, in the case of terrorist bombing. Clearly, it is a contest that touches on the right to life, as well. In my view, a lot of people have lost lives as a result of terrorism. The memories of September 11 attacks are still fresh and speak loudly. Besides, It cannot be disputed that airport security remains one of the issues of serious concern for most airports in the world since it also touches on safety. As such, airport security comprises of various methods and techniques that are aimed at protecting aircrafts, a s well as airports from criminal activities. This way, security protects the travelers, the airport employees and the freight. Airport security is aimed at curbing criminal activities that pertain to hijacking, destruction of aircrafts and airports, and assault on employee and passenger. The Rutherford commentary covers the case of Brandon Raub, who was taken by FBI agents and forcibly detained in the psychiatric ward. The reason give is that Brandon posted song lyrics, as well as personal political views, on his Facebook page. According to the Commentary, the issue elicited a public outcry, demanding for his release. However, the court would still disregard the fact that the interpretations of the content on Facebook would be interpreted out of the context. Consequently,

History of Welfare in Ireland: Poor Law and Beveridge Report

History of Welfare in Ireland: Poor Law and Beveridge Report This paper will briefly outline the development of social service provision in Ireland from 1922 to the present day, highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as ‘residual welfare’. For a variety of reasons such as economic growth, different political parties and differing welfare system options, UK’s welfare state has gained much crisis discussion. Residual welfare is not a universal welfare model; rather it is a system aimed at providing provision for those specific individuals in society that need and fit certain criteria, generally defined as ‘the poor’. Within residual welfare systems, welfare provision is considered to be a safety net, available only to those defined within the policy context as most in need, usually when the market or family has failed. According to Titmuss’ framework from 1974, Britain represents the ‘individual welfare system’ where there is a limited function of state welfare. Universal welfare is based upon the premise that welfare services are accessible to everyone, usually determined on the basis of citizenship within a nation state. The difficulty with this system is that it can be costly. Therefore, a residual system is aiming to reduce those costs by apportioning provisions to only those who need them. (Mau 2001, pp. 5-9; Titmuss, R 1974, p.20). It is helpful to acknowledge that welfare is an ambiguous term which can cause discrepancies between individuals and agencies when looking at welfare needs and services. Some individuals expect a return for any contribution they make to a social system whereas other are content with knowing the system is there for those that need it and that might not necessarily include themself. There is a strong belief that the system should be a premium-benefit one, where the current financiers will one day be the future users. It can also open the question of who it should be available to, how long, should they pay and are they deserving? Welfare is generally used in three main senses, the first referring to a person’s refers to general well-being. Of course, well-being is another term that can mean different things to different people. From a sociological framework, it generally means having access to basic needs such as shelter and food, but it does go beyond simply needs; to achieve we ll being, people must have choices, and the scope to choose personal goals and ambitions. Welfare also refers to the range of services available to look after people in a number of conditions throughout their life, for example childhood, sickness and old age. (Mau 2001, pp. 4-6). Historically, the model of welfare which has been the most dominant model in English-speaking countries is known as ‘residual welfare’ which stemmed from Poor Law (1598-1948). Poor Law was first implemented in 1598 and continued until 1948. This Elizabethan method aimed at providing three central aspects, a compulsory poor rate, the creation of overseers of relief and the provision for setting the poor on work. It provided discretionary payments to individuals assessed as being in need. It was a harsh law aimed at providing the bare minimum an individual would need to survive in the aim that people would rely upon it for existence, creating a dependence upon social security which would result in a negative image of public support. It aimed to control and discipline the poor and in some ways punch by providing support that was below the lowest wage, a principle known as ‘lowest eligibility’. This law continued to be important in the delivery of many means-tes ted benefits until the last two decades of the twentieth century. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8; Williams 1989, pp. 150-4). Following on this movement in Britain’s welfare system, Mau (2001) stated that on some levels, a welfare state can help to repair social divisions or at least ‘to mitigate social inequalities; not only in terms of material inequalities, but also in ideological and political terms.’ Thus the Beveridge Report from 1942 proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three assumptions, family allowances, a national health service, and lastly full employment. It was written by Sir William Beveridge, a highly respected economist and expert on unemployment problems. Opinion polls reported that the majority of the British public welcomed the reports findings and wished to see them implemented as quickly as possible, seemingly relieved at the possibility of a less harsh social system than the Poor Law. The first post-war election, in June 1945, resulted in a victory for the Labour Party, devout promoters of the Beveridge Report. It quickly became the blueprint for the m odern British welfare state, even being referred to as by any measure a landmark. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8; Williams 1989, pp. 150-4; Historic Figures. William Beveridge, 23rd February 2007). The Beveridge Report aimed to provide a expansive system of social insurance for an individuals whole life. Here we have the induction of the ‘residual model’ that still exists to a degree in Ireland. It proposed that all working people should pay a weekly contribution to the state, in other words, tax. In return, benefits would be paid to the unemployed, the sick, the retired and the widowed, those who needed it. Beveridge wanted to ensure that there was an acceptable minimum standard of living in Britain below which nobody fell, very different to the aims of Poor Law. (Alcock 2003, p. 6; Mau 2001, p. 3; Schifferes, S, 26 July 2005). Changes in the welfare system have continued to the present day, post 1948, the key elements of Irelands welfare state have remained focused upon social security, health, housing, education and children. The Welfare State was not intended to respond to poverty; that was what the Poor Law had aimed to, rather its main purpose was to encourage the provision of the social services on the same basis as the public services, including medical services, roads, libraries, local community needs. In other words, it aimed to create an institutional model of welfare. (Mau 2001, pp. 3-5; ). This paper has aimed to briefly illustrate the changes in Ireland’s welfare system highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as ‘residual welfare’, a system, aimed to be available if and when an individual needs its services.The development and implication of welfare provision in Britain is a lengthy and complicated issue, therefore this paper aimed to provide a brief summary of some of the key events leading to its present situation known as a ‘residual welfare system’. Bibliography Alcock, P. 2003. 2nd Edition. Social Policy in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire. Esping-Anderson, G 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, Oxford. Mau, S 2001. Patterns of Popular Support for the Welfare State. A Comparison of the United Kingdom and Germany. Social Research Center, Berlin. Offe, C 1987. Democracy against the Welfare State? Structural Foundations of Neoconservative Political Opportunities. In Political Theory, Vol.15, No 4, November, pp. 501-537). Page, R Silburn, R 1999. British Social Welfare in the Twentieth Century. St Martin’s Press Inc, Hampshire. Titmuss, R.M. 1974. Social Policy. Allen and Unwin, London. Williams, F 1989. Social Policy. A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge. bbc.cok.uk, 2007, Historic Figures. William Beveridge (1879 1963), BBC Homepage 23rd February, retrieved 23rd February 2007 from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/beveridge_william.shtml. Schifferes, S 2005, Britains long road to the welfare state, BBC News 26 July, retrieved 23rd February 2007 from:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4696391.stm. Investigation: Personal Technology Mediated Communication Investigation: Personal Technology Mediated Communication Table of Contents List of abbreviations List of extracts List of figures 1Introduction 2Analysis 2.1Choice of mode 2.1.1Cost 2.1.2Degree of comfort 2.1.3Medium uniqueness 2.1.4Formality 2.1.5Peer influence 2.1.6Immediacy 2.1.7Intertextuality Retrievability Navigability 2.1.8Multifunction 2.1.9Lack of desire for self-disclosure 2.2Nature of language used 2.2.1Language background 2.2.2Keyboard affordance 2.2.3Intimacy level 2.2.4Cultural value 2.3Semiotic resources 2.3.1Numbering, paragraphing, colouring textual specification 2.3.2Emoji, stickers, symbol 2.3.3Tagging function 2.3.4Telepresence indicators 2.4Interweaving of media in extended interactions 2.4.1Postponement 2.4.2Confidentiality/Secrecy 2.4.3Spatial constrain 2.4.4Clarification 2.4.5Instant feature and directive influence 3Conclusion References FtF face-to-face FB Facebook FM Facebook Messenger Extract 1 Extract 2 Extract 3 Extract 4 Extract 5 Extract 6 Extract 7 Extract 8 Extract 9 Extract 10 Extract 11 Extract 12 Figure 1 Emoji Figure 2 Sticker MimYam Figure 4 Green dot Figure 5 Group conversation Figure 6 Message seen Communication in todays world is profoundly affected by technological features and users perceived of their usage. Multimodal technological resources facilitate interaction beyond temporal and spatial distance with various participation modes (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29), also correlate with users medium choice, behaviour and psychology. In technology-mediated communication, choice of mode is decided by the setting, selecting strategy and evaluating outcome of the communication (Joinson, 2003, p. 125), or by participants perceived affordances of the media (Herring Demarest, 2011, pp. 19-21). For instance, text can be preferred over more novel medium like audio or video thanks to its richer communication markers, asynchronicity and low level of self-consciousness. In a paper by Laursen (2012, pp. 87-97), the shift from text message to call is attributed to synchronicity, immediacy, complex information processing, and chance for negotiation. Call also denotes some degree of intimacy involving simultaneous checking of relationship status through breath, pitch or pauses in oral exchange. Innovation in communication technology also entails more types of semiosis for interaction. Hutchby (2001, p. 96) points out telephone conversation has a distinct means of summon not by human oral production but by the sound of the ring which signals an upcoming call that the other end of the line will pick up and respond. Later when Internet appears, it enables greater access to information thanks to intertextual hyperlinks or expression of emotions via emoticons (Barton Lee, 2013, p. 29). Added to this, (Lamy, 2006, p. 388) lists clicking a button to denote conversation ended, retaining of message after the interactants have left the chat platform, also the help of telepresence indicators like the faded name or photo. Vandergriff (2013, pp. 8-10) focuses on the use of CMC cues in which the use of multiple exclamation mark could express assertiveness or intensified disagreement, smiley icons indicate a dispreference of an action, or turn ellipsis is understood as mitigated disappro val or openness for conversation expansion. Additionally, technology also influences our language and our self-expression. Hutchby (2001, p. 86) concerns the lack of physical context cue that makes telephone conversations normally involve identification process at the beginning of the conversation. In online language analysis, Barton and Lee (2013, p. 69) and Herring and Demarest (2011, p. 4) mention gender in which male users tend use more impersonal expression and longer messages whereas female prefer to use the first person and express more feelings. Moreover, Barton and Lee (2013: 68-69) claim that the dynamics and control over our online self-disclosure involve choosing which part of and how our identities to be revealed and accordingly present a less or more associative image in comparison to our offline identities. This regulates our online writing language and entails adjustment of language to whom we could expected or imagined. Regarding behaviour and psychology, Joinson (2003) proposes five key dimensions of tool-behaviour relationship involves synchronicity, the cues transmitted, bandwidth and cost constraints, level of anonymity, and sender-recipient exclusivity. In CMC, people may also tend to follow the hyperpersonal model (Walther et al., 2015, pp. 13-14) whereby they exaggerate perceived reality about the other interactants and use it to inform their future actions. Devices affordances may cause users to be under pressure to be constantly available for being contacted (Cumiskey Ling, 2015, p. 231). Also, online psychology and behaviour involves individual self-disclosure where people desire to express themselves (Walther et al., 2015) and act as the source of information (Sundair et al., 2015), whereas includes deindividuation in which individual identity is partially or fully hidden (Walther et al., 2015, p.11) or self-awareness is reduced to merge in online social norms (Spears Postmes, 2015, p. 25). In a nutshell, a number of aspects related to technology-mediated communication have been investigated and is being studied in response to the rapid development of technological applications and diverse users perceived affordances. The following part, hence, will dedicate to analyse my own use of technology for communication in the light of the reviewed studies, and hopefully brings out some contributive findings. Devices involved in this analysis were tablet, mobile phone and computer, and the tablet also has a SIM card reader so it can act as a mobile phone. Soft medium analysed included Google Email and online data cloud, Facebook (FB), Facebook Messenger (FM) a separate application for sending messaging or calling among FB users, and Skype another application for sending text messages and making calls. All these applications are Internet-based and free of charge. 2.1 Choice of mode 2.1.1 Cost Cost is the first-and-foremost factor that manipulates my communication mode choice. The more the medium costs, the less likely it is to be chosen. Though the SIM card enabling domestic and international calls, mobile phone was not favoured since phone service always charged money and the fee would be burgeoned for overseas interaction. Consequently, I only employed free services like email to contact professors or Skype and FB to contact relatives and friends though all of them are approachable on telephone line. I once used mobile phone to contact an overseas travel agency in the US because their line was toll-free, so I only had to pay a minimal amount of money for international dialling but I could talk on the phone as long as I want since the call fee was paid by the travel agency. 2.1.2 Degree of comfort Thanks to its light weight mobility and availability, Tablet was more preferred with higher comfort degree over computer with heavier weight and requiring more acts like starting, shutting down or plugging charger. Tablet was more mobile to carry along to all places such as desk, bed, classroom and in motion like walking on the street. The degree of comfort was also true to the choice of soft medium where none of my communication involved video sharing or video calling. This is explained by my preference for modes with low level of self-consciousness like texting or calling where I could comfortably maintain interaction without being distracted by my reflection or worrying about my appearance on the screen. 2.1.3 Medium uniqueness Choice of mode was restrained by the other entity and this made me stick to only one medium. For instance, brands or organizations websites all offer visitors to leave their emails so that new reduction/sales or upcoming events would be sent to them automatically, and the sole medium used to subscribe was email. In another case of citizen services, when I wanted to book a visa appointment via an Embassy, the office only allowed booking via mobile phone in which visitors dial the provided number to provide personal information and receive confirmed schedule by an officer. Besides, some of my addressees only provide me their email or their FB so email or FM were the sole channels to communicate with them and no other choice of medium could be employed. 2.1.4 Formality Formality of the message and the interaction itself also decides the modes of communication. For formal communication like asking for professors supervision, excusing absence in a class session or job application, email would be a better choice. The email interface itself is more neutral and professional with separate spaces for typing subjects and contents, office font sizes, bullet and numbering, etc. to present the information in a well-organized and formal format. Those functions are not provided by the instant messaging, mobile phone SMS or calling. For informal talks like gossiping about non-academic problems, email may not be as suitable as other texting or chatting applications that allow instant response. 2.1.5 Peer influence The medium I choose was also affected by the technology that the other entities use. If the addressees encounter some technical or personal problems, I accordingly opt for the medium that best works on their device and suit their condition. For example, my mothers eyes are far-sighted so its hard for her to navigate where to click to see inbox or to send text in emailing and texting. For that reason, I only used voice chatting or video calling rather than texting when communicating with her. My father, more interestingly, does not know how to use any smart devices and could only be approached by classic media like SMS or phone calling, so whenever I wanted to contact him phone-calling is my only resort. 2.1.6 Immediacy Regarding the immediacy in communication, email seems to be inferior to other applications like mobile phone, Skype or FM. Email could take long duration to receive a response and they are at risk of being filtered as spam or junk by the email account. If the recipient does not check their spam box, there is likelihood that my email never reaches them. There is also another case when sending emails to organizations/offices and my email is not instantly checked and replied until the next day because it has to queue in a line of many other enquiries sent to the offices. And of course it is very awkward and time-consuming when having an informal and close-knit chat with friends in which me and my friends keep clicking and sending emails while we can choose to text each other using FM or Skype. Therefore, in case I need an immediate response for my communication, I prefer calling via mobile phone (if the information is urgent) or Skype or texting with FM. 2.1.7 Intertextuality Retrievability Navigability Obviously, text mode normally allows better information retrieval than call mode, and this function is more enhanced in CMC where external sources of information exchanged in interaction could be accessed by all interactants and be easily navigated with one click even when the conversation has ended. For example, functions incorporated in Google email enables searching sent or received mails through typing keywords and provides capacity to upload audio, video and documents easily shared with other people who have Google account just by one click. Or in another case when I had a group chat discussing accommodation booking, we decided to type because it was easier to refer to different options by pasting the links or screen captures into the chatting box and the whole group could see exactly which hostel was being considered. Those options were retained forever in the box chat so we could retrieve them several days/months later. 2.1.8 Multifunction Sometimes the consideration of hard medium between computer or Tablet is decided by the affordances of the device itself, and it is obscure that computer is more multifunctional than the other counterpart. Computer allows multi-window operating at the same time while my Tablet does not, also many acts are easier to be done on bigger screen and keyboards rather than on touch device, e.g long text processing. Multifunctional features also applied for my choice of soft medium and this could be illustrated in the comparison between email and IM via FM or Skype. Emails affordances are superior with possibility to forward a large amount of information, to format the text in highlighted forms with colouring, large font size, or underlining, or to send emails to different recipients simultaneously without letting them know about each other (Bcc). FM or Skype undeniably has not included all those functions, they do not have a search box to type in keywords, no data cloud, no font size or bull et options, and previous messages are time-consuming to retrieve. However, their function to track whether the recipient has seen their messages made them surpass email in some cases. 2.1.9 Lack of desire for self-disclosure My choice of medium, or to be exact, the functions of medium was affected by my low desire for self-expression in which I use FB but hardly employed multimodal resources for posting, sharing, surfing, hashtag, or commenting. I have little demand for self-disclosure so I did not share the things I read, the feelings I have or the events/places I had been to on my FB page. All my interactions via FB channel were instant messaging initiated by the need to update situation of relatives and friends in my home country or exchange information about a particular problem. Even though I am a member of some FB group, I still sent private message to other members when they post a question that I can help instead of publicly typing my answer in the comment box. 2.2 Nature of language used 2.2.1 Language background The majority of my interaction with friends or relatives is translingual since we have multilingual background. Our exchange has frequent code-switching between Vietnamese and English, or in some cases three languages when I use Thai to chat with friends who know Thai. An ample evidence for this could be seen in the following extract between me and other two friends discussing about booking a room for a cruise trip (English words are highlighted in the left column): Extract 1 Anh the thoi xong chac cho ten + passport de dang ky la xong Thao in the worst case thà ¬ phà ²ng 8107 cÃ…Â ©ng Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c ha Anh uhh worst case cung dc re nhung tren web con nhieu lam, hon chuc phong co, ko lo Phuong Thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ là   chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt xog Ä‘Ã ºng hok Chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœt là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡i bn ng Thao 4 ng mail sent TrÆ °a mai chÆ °a rep thà ¬ e gà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i Ä‘ià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡n cho à ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ng luà ´n Anh thats all then perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to register Thao in the worst case, is room 8107 OK? Anh Yes, that worst case is OK. cheap But dont worry, the web stills show a lot of spare rooms, more than ten of them. Phuong Thats finalized right? In the end how many people? Thao 4 people mail sent If he does not rep the mail until next noon, I will call him. 2.2.2 Keyboard affordance Languages involved in my conversations are used in customized form due to keyboard. For instance, some of my Vietnamese friends did not have keyboard allowing typing tone markers or special Vietnamese characters, so their message were written in reduced Vietnamese. Though in some rare occasion did this obstruct our communication, the conversation generally went smooth because all interactants have Vietnamese as mother-tounge. Take the message from the following extract as an illustration, the friend that customized language is Anh: Extract 2 Original message Standard language Translated message Anh the thoi xong chac cho ten + passport de dang ky la xong Anh thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ thà ´i xong chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯c cho tà ªn + passport Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™ đăng kà ½ là   xong Anh thats all then perhaps we give (him) our names and passport to register Also due to keyboards lacking special characters, some language not using Latin alphabet must be transliterated and in my case is Thai. There was Thai virtual keyboard but it took time and may impede understanding so it was not employed: Extract 3 Original message Standard language Translated message Thao Uh hihi tks quà ¢n nhà ¬u Hong May pà ªn ray krub Thao Uh hihi tks quà ¢n nhà ¬u Hong à  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã‹â€ Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ £Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ±Ãƒ  Ã‚ ¸Ã… ¡ Thao Yeah hihi thanks a lot Hong Youre welcome! 2.2.3 Intimacy level Intimacy is the key factor shaping the choice of language in all my communications, and the level of formality in language is accordingly adjusted. Informal language could be detected via the use and density of colloquial, emoji, stickers, slangs, swear words. When talking with close friends, I used these informal expressions uncontrollably or rampantly, but I was more conscious and limit the use of them when interacting with normal friends, which are exemplified in the following extracts: Extract 1: with close friends (me, Trung and Ngoc). Ngoc is talking about her disgust when coming across her ex-boyfriends photos on Facebook. The language is flooded with swear word, exclamation, emoji, emphatic form like capitalisation and repetition of letters: Extract 4 Thao mà  y cà ³ cà ¢u thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n chà º gà ¬ k mà ¡Ã‚ »-i là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡nh gà ¡y thà ¬ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ©m nhà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ©m Ngoc Ä‘Ã ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £t trc Ä‘Ã £ block hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿t tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥t cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ © mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ Ä‘ nà  o và ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ «n sà ³t à ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœi già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £i Æ ¡i cà ³ hà ´m thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ nà  o xem Ä‘c dm cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ nà ³ cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £ ny mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi dm Ä‘i phÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £t à ´i Quoc Ngoc m phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i hià ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™u là   cà ¡i nhà ³m bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n là ¬n cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ §a nà ³ chuyà ªn Ä‘i phÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £t và   chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥p à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £nh và   ăn là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ©u và   chà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥p à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £nh (net uà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœc king) nà ªn dm nhià ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ u à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £nh vc ra Cà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¨U TÔI Và ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¡I :((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( Thao Do you have any incantation whenever feeling disgusted? Ngoc I blocked all things and all people related to him but I still missed out some photos Oh my god Fuck it the other day I saw he and his new girlfriend fucking went trekking. oh Quoc Ngoc U have to understand that his fucking group of friends frequently go trekking and take photos and eat hotpot and take photos (networking) So theres a fucking bunch of photos HELP ME :((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( With a normal friend. This is Doan one friend I have acquainted for about 3 months, she is talking about her travel plan for Christmas. The relationship is not too close-knit hence the language is informal enough with the use of emoji but no swear words or emphatic forms: Extract 5 Doan tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¥i tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º xmas nà  y Ä‘c nghà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ° dà  i Ä‘i 1 phà ¡t luà ´n Thao uh bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ n tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º cÃ…Â ©ng nghà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ° dà  i nhÆ °ng tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º cÃ…Â ©ng khà ´ng ham Ä‘i là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯m Doan ^^ uh Thao cà ¡c bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡n Ä‘i khu nà  o tà ¢y à ¢u hay Ä‘Ã ´ng à ¢u Doan tà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ º Ä‘i Ä‘Ã ´ng à ¢u, tà ¢y à ¢u và   nam à ¢u 5 nÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc 1 thà ¡ng luà ´n Thao mà ¡Ã‚ »-i nÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc à ¡Ã‚ »Ã… ¸ 6 ngà  y? Doan uh Thao thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y anh vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t đăng xin Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c visa phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n lan thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¿ là   Ä‘i phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n lan trÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºc à   Doan anh vià ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡t Ä‘i finland 1 mà ¬nh mà   =)) Doan This Xmas we have a long holiday. We travel the whole holiday. Thao Yeah we also have long Christmas holiday But Im not really interested in travel Doan ^^ yeah Thao Where are you going to travel to? Western or Eastern Europe? Doan Eastern, Western and Southern Europe 5 countries 1 month Thao 6 days per country? Doan yeah Thao I heard Mr. Viet said he had got his visa for Finland so you start your trip in Finland? Doan No, Mr. Viet travels to Finland by himself.

A Second Adolescence

He is healthy, has no known diseases or a family history that would suggest him particularly prone to illness. He awakening into a life and body he no longer recognizes. He has physically let himself deteriorate In a dark cubicle showing no Importance to his physical self (Lachrymal, 2004). Concern for ones physicality Is important in accepting the changes of middle age and being comfortable in one's own body (Sharon, 1998). He begins to recognize his own body s importance because off crush he develops on his daughter's friend.Starting to work out and place Importance on how he looks Is symbolic of his acceptance of his new body (Ben-Earl, Leave, & Shave, 2008). His office job has made him somewhat sedimentary yet it appears to have little effect on his physical wellbeing except in athletic terms he begins to address. His body and physical image becomes important to him. He wants to feel attractive and begins working out vigorously. He once again sees himself as a sexual being and wa nts to feel good about himself physically. Ben-Earl, Leave, & Shave, 2008) Changes at his Job serve as a catalyst for Lester to begin a transformation in his life in order to unify his self image with the actuality of his everyday Life(Lachrymal, 2004). Family dynamics: Luster's relationship with his wife Is In shambles. They no longer support each other or have a sexual relationship. His relationship with his daughter is almost nonexistent and it is unclear if there is any extended family. No close familiar relationships exist in Lester life. It Is clear though that there was a time that he and his wife and daughter were happy.He often reminisces of a time when he had less to no responsibility and his whole life ahead of him. He feels stifled by his family and his Job and has no outlet to address this problem. Throughout the period of observation Lester makes a complete circle to self acceptance. He takes some drastic tepees but they are In the end successful. He develops a sexual obsession with his daughter's friend which functions to snap him out of his state of complacency and begin to mix things up in every area of his life.He effectively begins to identify himself as an adolescent would testing boundaries and forming a new personality(anger, 2004). Caroline Is the dominant member of the family. She Is louder and more demanding than her child or partner. Image Is everything to her. 1 OF 7 important to her than her actual ability to successfully fill these roles(Barnett, 2004). Her whole persona is a set of illusions that are not based on reality. She is materialistic and lives in a world of half truths and delusion. As a mother her actions are hollow and self serving.They are for show as opposed to being truly supportive or helpful. She is overcritical, berating Jane on her appearance repeatedly. Adolescence is a time which is difficult for both the child and the parent(Anger, 2004). On the one hand a parent must be supportive an seen as in a position of authority while still giving their child room and space to mature and grow into the adult they are attempting too. Respecting an adolescent's budding maturity while arming an adult relationship with them is extremely hard on a parent, who still sees their child as being a child.It does not count to pretend to be friends with the adolescent, and being ‘cool When what they want is a level of actual respect and consideration, which is the case between Jane and Caroline. It is so important for Caroline to appear to be listening to and understanding her daughter that she loses sight of the person Jane is. As a father he is unable to connect with his daughter. Lester begins to try to talk to her but at this point she is uninterested in meeting him half way and it's unclear she ever will. The obvious attraction he has to Angela alienates Jane and separates them emotionally further.Father and daughter could potentially be allies against Carolynn ‘s conformist nature, but Luster' s adolescent fantasy puts them permanently at odds. By paying more attention to the object of his desire, Angela, he proves to Jane that her feelings are of no consequence to him. He genuinely seems to want a more honest relationship with Jane, but fails to see the connection between his feelings for Angela and his parental role. Lester is able to play a parental role for Angela that he cannot for his own daughter. He manages to e comforting and accessible. As a wife Caroline is the first to step out on their relationship and partnership.In order to feel like a woman and sexually attractive she begins a sexual relationship with an icon of her chosen profession(Barnett, 2004). She is able to validate her decisions through this sexual relationship. His perceived success emboldens her in her primary relationship(Ben-Air, Leave, & Shave, 2008). Psychological Influences: Lester becomes aware all off sudden that he is unhappy with his life. He makes a conscious decision to change his surr oundings and instead of losing his Job which as the probable outcome of restructuring at the office, he takes a stand and refuses to be overlooked.Revealing an abuse of power he is able to manipulate his bosses to give him a year's salary with benefits. This freedom allows him to begin a path to self discovery that codifies his self image with how he is perceived by the world. Over the course of the few months we have access to Lester he goes through distinctive stages of development akin to that of an adolescent. Risky serves as an attachment relationship for Lester. He is able to form a close secure attachment to Risky and egging to stretch the boundaries of his previously rigid position in family as well as community(Sable, 2008).This is in line with the convoy theory (Antibiotic, Kamala, & Dashiki, 2004) which stipulates that attachment relationships change and continue to form over time. Risky serves to both father and daughter as a stable reliable relationship that the can cou nt on(Sable, 2008). This allows Jane to express openly comfortable and confident with her changing body. It allows Lester to once again believe in himself as having worth and no longer defining himself solely as a husband and father. He begins to explore what he really wants and what he needs to do to get there. He finally begins to start doing for himself.Although in the most classic terms possible he is living out a midlife crisis, it appears that for him this is a process of maturation and acceptance he previously did not have a chance to experience(Lachrymal, 2004). He is mirroring the psychological experience his daughter should be going through(Morris, Silk, Steinberg, & al. , 2007). He buys the car he wants, starts working out, starts smoking pot and standing up to his wife. Lester brazenly demands respect and independence both in his family and Job. He exclaims that things are changing and no longer allows his wife to bully him or talk over him.He makes a loud and overt dema nd for respect. He wants the same amount of freedom as his wife and daughter and symbolically breaks the bonds of restraint by disrupting dinner, breaking a plate against the wall and demanding a change of music, atmosphere and pecking order. It is the first clear step towards Lester being able to redefine himself both internally and externally(Lachrymal, 2004). Theoretical perspectives: The majority of middle aged people report having more satisfaction and less anxiety bout their abilities and describe a sense of perfecting skills(Lachrymal, 2004).Stereotypically the midlife crisis hits a huge percentage of people yet only a small percentage actually seem to. It is a period in which people have a chance to review their decisions and life choices, and come to terms with what they have achieved or not achieved. They may be exactly where they want to be or some may have to adjust their self image to incorporate the way their life actually looks potentially leading to crisis. This is t he case of Lester Barman. He describes waking up from a 20 year mom and finally becoming aware of, and wanting to participate in his surroundings.Luster's internal world is pretty much dead before meeting him. He describes an awakening one day with the feeling that his life is n. Tot his and he no longer recognizes the different systems he is involved in. Using his work difficulties as a catalyst, he becomes able to change his entire life into something he can accept(Antibiotic, Kamala, & Dashiki, 2004). Lester seems to have not formed a functional attachment style with anyone in his life until he ‘wakes up' (film) after feeling like he had ‘been in a coma for 20 years. He starts to develop an attachment relationship with Risky in a sense.He eventually becomes comfortable with what he feels is his true self, and secure with Risky. Psychological Progress: Insinuators and Bowls idea that attachment forms and changes over the life span supports the idea that Lester gains a sense of security through his relationship with Risky(Antibiotic, Kamala, & Dashiki, 2004). Rick's attachment to his father is nonexistent. He feels protective of his mother but neither of his parents has provided safety or comfort for him in moments of distress, one of the most salient bobs of a caregiver(Sable, 2008).He instead has to take on the role of care-giver and protect and defend his mother who is otherwise helpless and alone. Risky easily slips into a similar role with Lester, being the familiar role he is used to. Lester gains wisdom and self awareness by mirroring an adolescent sexual attraction. He exploration and discovery an adolescent typically engages in (Aren't, 2000). Instead of his parents Lester rebels and redefines himself within in the family structure he has created as an adult. He pushes emotional limits and attempts to make connections in ewe and more passionate ways.Coming full circle Lester finally is able to accept the man he is and the life he lives. H e goes through a growing process a kin to that an adolescent would when creating an adult identity. Lester tests his new self out in all of the major areas of personality and finds himself in a body he accepts with a persona he is comfortable with(Anger, 2004). Luster's restraint in not having a sexual relationship with Angela demonstrates a level of maturity he did not previously possess indicating successful personality growth towards adulthood.When Lester anally sees Angela as the child she is and is able to comfort her expressing fatherly instinct his competence as a father is proven to him. He is able to reassure her without being patronizing and respecting her growing maturity, an important role parents play for adolescent children(Anger, 2004). In a sense Lester uses Angela as a proxy for his daughter as soon as he identifies her as something more than a sexual object. The fact that Lester recognizes the extent to which a sexual relationship with one of Cane's friends would b e inappropriate, the love he has for his daughter and ole as a father is reestablished.Lester gains solace by looking at a picture of the glory days of his family where they are all smiles. His ability to renew his life and find beauty in the ups, downs and seemingly mundane moments is testament to his development as a mature, well adjusted adult(Lachrymal, 2004). SOCIAL FACTORS: Gender Roles / Gender Conformity: Lester and Carolina's marriage does not follow strict gender roles in the classic sense of man as bread winner woman as home maker (Lore, 1994). Carolyn views herself as the bread winner of the family. She has proclaimed herself the captain of her emails social standing.She believes that one's social position can be directly related to economic gains. For her, money and material gains are the most important marker of one's overall success socially. Making money is the most important thing for her. It is unclear how much money she actually contributes to the family, but â₠¬Ëœsole bread winner' is a role she takes on readily if loudly (Mikhail, 2004). It is a typically make role, yet she somehow thinks that by both worrying about economic status and appearance she deserves more credit and admiration (Barnett, 2004). She is the first o fully disregard her marital relationship.Her sense of entitlement increases as their relationship moves forward. Masculinity and Homophobia: Considering masculinity to be socially constructed provides men with agency in forming the prevalent view of masculinity. Masculinity being malleable allows us to step back and identify exactly what we require of men to be ‘manly' in our society (Kismet, 2004). The pressure is insurmountable for some people. Risky dad is unable to accept himself for who he is and his internalized homophobia is so devastating that he feels he is forced to act to defend his manhood.Luster's truthful acceptance of the realities of his life in the end is what ends his life. Not accepting popular c ultures definition of masculinity and the freedom that allows is Lester is terrifying to a man who has based his life around not admitting or accepting the truth of his situation. Military Perspectives on Homosexuality: homosexuality. Don't ask don't tell (DADA) being the official position thought of by some as a progressive policy for the military was not repealed until 2011(Bird,2014).Showing how ingrained homophobia is in a military psyche. The staunch difference teen other nations policy on civil equality, even in the military is astounding. Take for example the United Kingdom and Australia's response to transgender soldiers serving verses the United States. Julia Bard's 2014 New York Times article ‘The Courage of Transgender Soldiers' elucidates Just how polarize these nation's policies actually are (Bird, 2014). ‘Department of Defense regulations don't allow transgender individuals to serve in the U.S. Military, based upon medical standards for military service. â €  (Bird, 2014) The official position of the United States military is hat being transgender is a mental disorder as defined by the ADSM Ill of 1980(American Psychiatric Association, 1980), instead of adopting the current medical standard for considering gender nonconformity (gender dysphasia) not as a psychological disorder in and of itself (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Solidarity and respect are shown to transgender members of the military in both the U.K and Australia while the United States military continues to use an antiquated theory of gender, allowing official intolerance (Kernighan, 2012). Homophobia in the Military: In 1999 DADA was the official Clinton era policy adopted by the United States in 1993 (Burlier, 2010) to address civil equality in the military. Homosexuality remained a disagreeable ‘offence' when openly expressed changing very little for LIGHT military personnel. Same-sex orientation after DADA was enacted was still a disagreeable offenc e.The law did not prevent service members from being asked about their sexuality rather it removed questions sexual orientation from recruitment questionnaires. Military members and prospective recruits were not allowed to discuss their same-sex orientation risking discharge or denial of entry if they did Burlier, 2010). The argument for not allowing homosexual service members to disclose was the concept that ‘an open statement by a service member that he or she is a homosexual will create a rebuttal presumption that he or she intends to engage in prohibited conduct,' (Burlier, 2010 p. ). Regulations are not put on heterosexual service members discussing their personal exploits, fantasies or desires. Several sexual practices are considered ‘prohibited' both under military code and civil courts, yet the assumption is not made that these acts have or ever will take place. DADA did very little for improving the actual situation and daily lives of LIGHT service members. The actual number of discharges due t same sex relationships was not significantly different before and during DADA policy years (Burlier, 2010).Rampant homophobia was a social requirement isolating and associating closeted LIGHT service members (Kier, 1998). The fear at being discovered was a daily reality. Anyone could tern a soldier in for same sex activity, actions as innocuous as holding hand. This leaves individuals suspected of homosexual ‘conduct' (Burbler & 1995) alienable physical and verbal attacks as well as official action being taken. Hetero- normative principles were the sole cultural atmosphere. Colonel Frank Fits served in the military even before DADA was the official policy.The much more restrictive, abrasively homophobic policy adopted during the time of his service shaped his attitude was a requirement of service. Any closeted member of the military would have to internalize feelings of self hatred due to the constant anti gay rhetoric. Internalized homophobia and it Repercussions: Frank Fits identifies himself purely based on his military experience. He has no identity other than colonel. He does not take on or identify with the role of husband or father. He coldly treats his family as cadets below his rank.His own sun refers to him as Colonel or Sir as one would a superior officer. The fact that Frank Fits cannot be anyone but the coroner he once was makes it impossible for him to explore, let alone accept feeling and attitudes that the military looked down on. Introspection does not exist for him. Orders, fear and denial run this man's life. His sexual curiosity and feeling of lust towards men are so unacceptable to Frank that he builds is life around his explicit homophobia. Cool. Frank Fits' residual self hatred, fear and shame pushed him to most the extremes of discrimination and racist principles.His internalized homophobia shaped his relationship with those closest to him, his wife and son who he alienates (Frost, Meyer, 2009). H iding this part of his internal self in the end defines his entire life. Offensively attacking any chance he got to not have his internal self exposed to the public or himself. Lashing out offensively is a defense strategy so that he will never be exposed to others or himself. The anguish and embarrassment Cool. Fits experiences by being what he thought to be rejected by Lester provoked emotions so strong that he had to kill Lester to be able to live with himself.Luster's comfort and ease while discussing his own marital relationship mixed with misunderstanding previous events convinces Cool. Fits that Lester is a closeted homosexual. The fact that Lester is neither actually gay, nor homophobic shattered Cool. Fits' world. The Cool had to play the role of the macho heterosexual for so long made that he became overly Jealous, controlling and abusive to his wife. Being less aggressive would have made him appear weak in his military unconsciousness. This fact made it inconceivable that Lester could be unapologetic, calm and without anger or Jealousy at the fact that his wife was with another man.A freedom Frank Fits could never allow himself. He ends Luster's life right at the moment that Lester is able to achieve something that the Cool. Cannot, self acceptance. Conclusion: Luster's acceptance and renewed love of life ends up being what kills him. Lester is able to accept in other people facts that they cannot accept about themselves. Cool Frank Fits does not possess the skills to regulate his emotions or cope internally hen faced with a threatening situation, choosing instead to lash out in violent anger (Morris, Silk, Steinberg, & al. , 2007).For Frank Lester becomes the embodiment of all the sexual feelings he cannot except within himself. Killing Lester is a desperate attempt to kill the feelings Frank most fears. Lester reaffirms his identity as a well adjusted adult when rejecting his foolish adolescent urges. He accepts what he has accomplished and is at peace with who he is, uniting the image he has of himself with the actuality of his life. Typically this type of review is done later in life(Lachrymal, 2004). Lester is afforded the luxury of being at peace before he dies even though it is sudden.